[ { "key": "VATB4CFB", "version": 66, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 210745, "name": "ideas#thuglife", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/VATB4CFB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife/items/VATB4CFB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1284293, "username": "mse3xa", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mse3xa", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Asmussen and Bonde-Petersen", "parsedDate": "1974-07-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "VATB4CFB", "version": 66, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Storage of Elastic Energy in Skeletal Muscles in Man", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Erling", "lastName": "Asmussen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Flemming", "lastName": "Bonde-Petersen" } ], "abstractNote": "The question, if muscles can absorb and temporarily store mechanical energy in the form of elastic energy for later re-use, was studied by having subjects perform maximal vertical jumps on a registering force-platform. The jumps were performed 1) from a semi-squatting position, 2) after a natural counter-movement from a standing position, or 3) in continuation of jumps down from heights of 0.23, 0.40, or 0.69 m. The heights of the jumps were calculated from the registered flight times. The maximum energy level, Eneg, of the jumpers prior to the upward movement in the jump, was considered to be zero in condition 1. In condition 2 it was calculated from the force-time record of the force-platform; and in condition 3 it was calculated from the height of the downward jump and the weight of the subject. The maximum energy level after take-off, Ep0s, was calculated from the height of the jump and the jumper's weight. It was found that the height of the jump and Epos increased with increasing amounts of Eneg, up to a certain level (jumping down from 0.40 m). The gains in Epos over that in condition 1, were expressed as a percentage of Eneg and found to be 22.9 % in condition 2, and 13.2, 10.5, and 3.3 % in the three situations of condition 3. It is suggested that the elastic energy is stored in the active muscles, and it is demonstrated that the muscles of the legs are activated in the downward jumps before contact with the platform is established.", "publicationTitle": "Acta Physiologica Scandinavica", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 1, 1974", "volume": "91", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "385-392", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1748-1716.1974.tb05693.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1974.tb05693.x/abstract", "accessDate": "2014-04-29T01:47:29Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1365-201X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 1974 Scandinavian Physiological Society", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "elastic energy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "force-platform", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "negative work", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "vertical jump", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-29T01:47:29Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-29T01:47:50Z" } }, { "key": "ZJIKK43D", "version": 65, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 210745, "name": "ideas#thuglife", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/ZJIKK43D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife/items/ZJIKK43D", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/VATB4CFB", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1284293, "username": "mse3xa", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mse3xa", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "ZJIKK43D", "version": 65, "parentItem": "VATB4CFB", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2014-04-29T01:47:29Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1974.tb05693.x/abstract", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-29T01:47:29Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-29T01:47:29Z" } }, { "key": "PZQDAE5G", "version": 64, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 210745, "name": "ideas#thuglife", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/PZQDAE5G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife/items/PZQDAE5G", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/I6MUSAUM", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1284293, "username": "mse3xa", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mse3xa", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "PZQDAE5G", "version": 64, "parentItem": "I6MUSAUM", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2014-04-28T05:06:49Z", "url": "http://jbjs.org/data/Journals/JBJS/347/541.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-28T05:06:49Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-28T05:06:49Z" } }, { "key": "I6MUSAUM", "version": 64, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 210745, "name": "ideas#thuglife", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/I6MUSAUM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife/items/I6MUSAUM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1284293, "username": "mse3xa", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mse3xa", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kuhns", "parsedDate": "1949-07-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "I6MUSAUM", "version": 64, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "CHANGES IN ELASTIC ADIPOSE TISSUE", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John G.", "lastName": "Kuhns" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 1, 1949", "volume": "31", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "541-547", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Bone Joint Surg Am", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/", "accessDate": "2014-04-28T05:06:49Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9355", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Silverchair", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-28T05:06:49Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-28T05:06:49Z" } }, { "key": "T5SW578X", "version": 63, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 210745, "name": "ideas#thuglife", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/T5SW578X", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife/items/T5SW578X", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1284293, "username": "mse3xa", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mse3xa", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Silver et al.", "parsedDate": "2003-10", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "T5SW578X", "version": 63, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Collagen self-assembly and the development of tendon mechanical properties", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Frederick H.", "lastName": "Silver" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joseph W.", "lastName": "Freeman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gurinder P.", "lastName": "Seehra" } ], "abstractNote": "The development of the musculoskeleton and the ability to locomote requires controlled cell division as well as spatial control over deposition of extracellular matrix. Self-assembly of procollagen and its final processing into collagen fibrils occurs extracellularly. The formation of crosslinked collagen fibers results in the conversion of weak liquid-like embryonic tissues to tough elastic solids that can store energy and do work.\nCollagen fibers in the form of fascicles are the major structural units found in tendon. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on collagen self-assembly and tendon development and to relate this information to the development of elastic energy storage in non-mineralizing and mineralizing tendons. Of particular interest is the mechanism by which energy is stored in tendons during locomotion.\nIn vivo, collagen self-assembly occurs by the deposition of thin fibrils in recesses within the cell membrane. These thin fibrils later grow in length and width by lateral fusion of intermediates. In vitro, collagen self-assembly occurs by both linear and lateral growth steps with parallel events seen in vivo; however, in the absence of cellular control and enzymatic cleavage of the propeptides, the growth mechanism is altered, and the fibrils are irregular in cross section.\nResults of mechanical studies suggest that prior to locomotion the mechanical response of tendon to loading is dominated by the viscous sliding of collagen fibrils. In contrast, after birth when locomotion begins, the mechanical response is dominated by elastic stretching of crosslinked collagen molecules.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Biomechanics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 2003", "volume": "36", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1529-1553", "series": "Bone Cell and Tissue Mechanics", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Biomechanics", "DOI": "10.1016/S0021-9290(03)00135-0", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021929003001350", "accessDate": "2014-04-28T05:00:25Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9290", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-28T05:00:25Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-28T05:00:25Z" } }, { "key": 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A joint driving device was developed to apply small-amplitude random perturbations to the human knee at several flexion angles with the subject maintaining various levels of muscle contraction. It was found that joint stiffness and viscosity increased with muscle contraction substantially, while limb inertia was constant. Stiffness produced by the quadriceps was highest at 30° flexion and decreased with increasing or decreasing flexion angle, while knee flexors produced highest stiffness at 90° flexion. When knee flexion was <60°, stiffness produced by the quadriceps was higher than that of the hamstrings and gastrocnemius at the same level of background muscle torque, while knee flexor muscles produced higher stiffnesses than the quadriceps at 90° flexion. Similar but less obvious trends were observed for joint viscosity. Passive joint stiffness at full knee extension was significantly higher than in more flexed positions. Surprisingly, as the knee joint musculature changed from relaxed to contracting at 50% MVC, system damping ratio remained at about 0.2. This outcome potentially simplifies neuromuscular control of the knee joint. In contrast, the natural undamped frequency increased more than twofold, potentially making the knee joint respond more quickly to the central nervous system commands. The approach described here provides us with a potentially valuable tool to quantify in vivo dynamic properties of normal and pathological human knee joints.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Biomechanics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 14, 1997", "volume": "31", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "71-76", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Biomechanics", "DOI": "10.1016/S0021-9290(97)00106-1", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021929097001061", "accessDate": "2014-04-28T03:02:29Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9290", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Damping", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dynamics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Knee", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Stiffness", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Viscosity", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-28T03:02:29Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-28T03:02:29Z" } }, { "key": "7NVSNXMB", "version": 59, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 210745, "name": "ideas#thuglife", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/7NVSNXMB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife/items/7NVSNXMB", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/54H3DKUP", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1284293, "username": "mse3xa", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mse3xa", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "7NVSNXMB", "version": 59, "parentItem": "54H3DKUP", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2014-04-28T02:52:15Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161734683710072/pdf?md5=0cc8d4c21321e3d7823aff32b8a2465b&pid=1-s2.0-S0161734683710072-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-28T02:52:15Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-28T02:52:15Z" } }, { "key": "FXRJE2VM", "version": 59, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 210745, "name": "ideas#thuglife", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/FXRJE2VM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife/items/FXRJE2VM", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/54H3DKUP", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1284293, "username": "mse3xa", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mse3xa", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "FXRJE2VM", "version": 59, "parentItem": "54H3DKUP", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2014-04-28T02:52:15Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161734683710072#", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-28T02:52:15Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-28T02:52:15Z" } }, { "key": "54H3DKUP", "version": 59, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 210745, "name": "ideas#thuglife", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/54H3DKUP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife/items/54H3DKUP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1284293, "username": "mse3xa", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mse3xa", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cespedes et al.", "parsedDate": "1993-04", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "54H3DKUP", "version": 59, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Elastography: Elasticity Imaging Using Ultrasound with Application to Muscle and Breast In Vivo", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I.", "lastName": "Cespedes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Ophir" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "Ponnekanti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N.", "lastName": "Maklad" } ], "abstractNote": "Changes in tissue elasticity are generally correlated with its pathological state. In many cases, despite the difference in elasticity, the small size of a lesion or its location deep in the body preclude its detection by palpation. In general, such a lesion may or may not posses echogenic properties that would make it ultrasonically detectable. Elastography is an ultrasonic method for imaging the elasticity of compliant tissues. The method estimates the local longitudinal strain of tissue elements by ultrasonically assessing the one dimensional local displacements. This information can be combined with first order theoretical estimates of the local stress to yield a quantitative measure of the local elastic properties of tissue. The elasticity information is displayed in the form of a gray scale image called an elastogram. An experimental system for elastography in phantoms based on a single element transducer has been described previously [1]. Here we introduce a new elastography system based on a linear array transducer that is suitable for in vivo scanning. We describe tissue mimicking phantom experiments and preliminary in vivo breast and muscle elastograms confirming the feasibility of performing elastography in vivo. An elastogram of a breast containing an 8 mm palpable cancer nodule clearly shows the lesion. Elastograms and their corresponding sonograms show some similarities and differences in the depiction of tissue structures.", "publicationTitle": "Ultrasonic Imaging", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 1993", "volume": "15", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "73-88", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Ultrasonic Imaging", "DOI": "10.1006/uimg.1993.1007", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161734683710072", "accessDate": "2014-04-28T02:52:15Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0161-7346", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Elastography", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-28T02:52:15Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-28T02:52:15Z" } }, { "key": "AN9KU9V9", "version": 59, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 210745, "name": "ideas#thuglife", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/AN9KU9V9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife/items/AN9KU9V9", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/M7I4K37P", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1284293, "username": "mse3xa", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mse3xa", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "AN9KU9V9", "version": 59, "parentItem": "M7I4K37P", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2014-04-28T02:44:00Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161734683710072/pdf?md5=0cc8d4c21321e3d7823aff32b8a2465b&pid=1-s2.0-S0161734683710072-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-28T02:44:00Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-28T02:44:00Z" } }, { "key": "UPUNQA4V", "version": 59, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 210745, "name": "ideas#thuglife", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/UPUNQA4V", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife/items/UPUNQA4V", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/M7I4K37P", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1284293, "username": "mse3xa", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mse3xa", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "UPUNQA4V", "version": 59, "parentItem": "M7I4K37P", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2014-04-28T02:44:00Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161734683710072#", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-28T02:44:00Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-28T02:44:00Z" } }, { "key": "M7I4K37P", "version": 59, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 210745, "name": "ideas#thuglife", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/M7I4K37P", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife/items/M7I4K37P", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1284293, "username": "mse3xa", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mse3xa", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cespedes et al.", "parsedDate": "1993-04", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "M7I4K37P", "version": 59, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Elastography: Elasticity Imaging Using Ultrasound with Application to Muscle and Breast In Vivo", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I.", "lastName": "Cespedes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Ophir" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "Ponnekanti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N.", "lastName": "Maklad" } ], "abstractNote": "Changes in tissue elasticity are generally correlated with its pathological state. In many cases, despite the difference in elasticity, the small size of a lesion or its location deep in the body preclude its detection by palpation. In general, such a lesion may or may not posses echogenic properties that would make it ultrasonically detectable. Elastography is an ultrasonic method for imaging the elasticity of compliant tissues. The method estimates the local longitudinal strain of tissue elements by ultrasonically assessing the one dimensional local displacements. This information can be combined with first order theoretical estimates of the local stress to yield a quantitative measure of the local elastic properties of tissue. The elasticity information is displayed in the form of a gray scale image called an elastogram. An experimental system for elastography in phantoms based on a single element transducer has been described previously [1]. Here we introduce a new elastography system based on a linear array transducer that is suitable for in vivo scanning. We describe tissue mimicking phantom experiments and preliminary in vivo breast and muscle elastograms confirming the feasibility of performing elastography in vivo. An elastogram of a breast containing an 8 mm palpable cancer nodule clearly shows the lesion. Elastograms and their corresponding sonograms show some similarities and differences in the depiction of tissue structures.", "publicationTitle": "Ultrasonic Imaging", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 1993", "volume": "15", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "73-88", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Ultrasonic Imaging", "DOI": "10.1006/uimg.1993.1007", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161734683710072", "accessDate": "2014-04-28T02:44:00Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0161-7346", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Elastography", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-28T02:44:00Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-28T02:44:00Z" } }, { "key": "778CDZJK", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 210745, "name": "ideas#thuglife", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/778CDZJK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife/items/778CDZJK", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/DKK57VBI", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1284293, "username": "mse3xa", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mse3xa", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "778CDZJK", "version": 58, "parentItem": "DKK57VBI", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2014-04-27T23:54:09Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22713246", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-27T23:54:09Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-27T23:54:09Z" } }, { "key": "DKK57VBI", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 210745, "name": "ideas#thuglife", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/DKK57VBI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife/items/DKK57VBI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1284293, "username": "mse3xa", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mse3xa", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ishii et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-06-19", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "DKK57VBI", "version": 58, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Elastic hysteresis in human eyes is age dependent value", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kotaro", "lastName": "Ishii" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kei", "lastName": "Saito" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Toshihiro", "lastName": "Kameda" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tetsuro", "lastName": "Oshika" } ], "abstractNote": "Background:  The elastic hysteresis phenomenon is observed when cyclic loading is applied to a viscoelastic system. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate elastic hysteresis in living human eyes against an external force. Design:  Prospective case series. Participants:  Twenty-four eyes of 24 normal human subjects (mean age: 41.5 ± 10.6 years) were recruited. Methods:  A non-contact tonometry process was recorded with a high-speed camera. Central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal thickness at 4 mm from the center, corneal curvature, and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were measured. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was also measured using Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) and dynamic contour tonometer (DCT). Main Outcome Measures:  Energy loss due to elastic hysteresis was calculated and graphed. Results:  The mean CCT was 552.5 ± 36.1 µm, corneal curvature was 7.84 ± 0.26 mm, and ACD was 2.83 ± 0.29 mm. The mean GAT-IOP was 14.2 ± 2.7 mmHg and DCT-IOP was 16.3 ± 3.5 mmHg. The mean energy loss due to elastic hysteresis was 3.90 × 10(-6) ± 2.49 × 10(-6) Nm. Energy loss due to elastic hysteresis correlated significantly with age (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.596, p = 0.0016). There were no significant correlations between energy loss due to elastic hysteresis and other measurements. Conclusion:  Energy loss due to elastic hysteresis in the eyes of subjects was found to positively correlate with age, independent of anterior eye structure or IOP. Therefore, it is believed that the viscosity of the eye increases with age. © 2010 The Authors. Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology © 2010 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists.", "publicationTitle": "Clinical & experimental ophthalmology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jun 19, 2012", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Clin. Experiment. Ophthalmol.", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02830.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1442-9071", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "ENG", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 22713246", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-27T23:54:09Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-27T23:54:09Z" } }, { "key": "V49699UX", "version": 57, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 210745, "name": "ideas#thuglife", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/V49699UX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife/items/V49699UX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/Q4PA35UZ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1284293, "username": "mse3xa", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mse3xa", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "V49699UX", "version": 57, "parentItem": "Q4PA35UZ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2014-04-22T22:30:21Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4369924", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-22T22:30:21Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-22T22:30:21Z" } }, { "key": "Q4PA35UZ", "version": 57, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 210745, "name": "ideas#thuglife", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/Q4PA35UZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife/items/Q4PA35UZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1284293, "username": "mse3xa", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mse3xa", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Swabb et al.", "parsedDate": "1974-10", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "Q4PA35UZ", "version": 57, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Diffusion and convection in normal and neoplastic tissues", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E A", "lastName": "Swabb" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J", "lastName": "Wei" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P M", "lastName": "Gullino" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Cancer research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Oct 1974", "volume": "34", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2814-2822", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Cancer Res.", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0008-5472", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 4369924", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Biological Transport", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Carcinoma, Hepatocellular", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Diffusion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Liver Neoplasms", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mathematics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Methods", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neoplasms, Experimental", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rats", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-22T22:30:21Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-22T22:30:21Z" } }, { "key": "4P5AJJAI", "version": 56, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 210745, "name": "ideas#thuglife", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/4P5AJJAI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ideasthuglife/items/4P5AJJAI", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210745/items/KKKKX46J", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1284293, "username": "mse3xa", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mse3xa", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "4P5AJJAI", "version": 56, "parentItem": "KKKKX46J", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2014-03-27T00:30:25Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054880703000899/pdfft?md5=f6fd34c0ef3436d8460a0156ac2134bf&pid=1-s2.0-S1054880703000899-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-03-27T00:30:25Z", "dateModified": "2014-03-27T00:30:25Z" } } ]