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J.", "lastName": "Stern" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I.", "lastName": "Bilgen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D. A.", "lastName": "Dillman" } ], "abstractNote": "In this overview, we discuss the current state of survey methodology in a form that is useful and informative to a general social science audience. The article covers existing challenges, dilemmas, and opportunities for survey researchers and social scientists. 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In this article, using anchoring to test validity in a randomized controlled survey experiment during the COVID-19 pandemic, we demonstrate that asking people to self-report on the frequency of routine behaviors are prone to significant measurement error and systematic bias. Specifically, we find that participants across age, gender, and political allegiance report higher (lower) frequencies of COVID-19-relevant behaviors when provided with a higher (lower) anchor. The results confirm that such self-reports should not be regarded as behavioral data and should primarily be used to inform policy decisions if better alternatives are not available. 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We develop such a framework, which we term ‘Principled Adequacy for Purpose’. We develop this account by considering recent work centring both the role of questions and values for methodological choice. While we argue that both approaches make important improvements over traditional evidence hierarchies, these frameworks by themselves also face significant limitations. We consider that combining these frameworks, while giving greater consideration to the notion of evaluative purpose, affords better guidance for methodological decision-making in evaluation. 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how to monitor and evaluate policy research, i.e. research that is undertaken in order to inform and influence public policy. Policy is defined very broadly to encompass both policy decisions and processes, including implementation. Conventional academic research is usually evaluated using two approaches: academic peer review, and number of citations in peer-reviewed publications. For policy research programmes, these evaluation tools have proven too limited. They are not well suited to capture some of the broader aims of policy research, such as policy impact, changes in behaviour, or building of relationships. In short, policy research programmes need new monitoring and evaluation (M&E) approaches in order to know whether they are making a difference, not only in the academic world but also in the world outside academia. The paper is written with research programmes and institutions in mind, rather than individual researchers. It presents examples and approaches on how to do M&E of policy research from the current experience of a range of research institutes, think tanks and funding bodies. The approaches have been divided into the following five key performance areas: (i) Strategy and direction; (ii) Management; (iii) Outputs; (iv) Uptake; and (v) Outcomes and impacts. Research programmes or institutes may wish to focus on only one of these areas, or may combine approaches across the areas to form a more comprehensive M&E plan.", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "Working paper", "institution": "Overseas Development Institute", "place": "London", "date": "2007-06-30", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "63", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://odi.org/en/publications/making-a-difference-me-of-policy-research/", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "3C8I7D2B" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-02-13T11:14:54Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-13T11:17:30Z" } }, { "key": "BNCIDWK9", "version": 2802, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 210508, "name": "Social research methods", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/social_research_methods", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/210508/items/BNCIDWK9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/social_research_methods/items/BNCIDWK9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 32433, "username": "nicojx", "name": "Nico Jabin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nicojx", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cruickshank", "parsedDate": "2004", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BNCIDWK9", "version": 2802, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A Tale of Two Ontologies: An Immanent Critique of Critical Realism", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Justin", "lastName": "Cruickshank" } ], "abstractNote": "In this article is it argued that critical realism has two mutually exclusive definitions of ontology. 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With their elaborate infrastructures, voluminous research bases and strict licensing criteria, they have seemed to offer certainty of success over less packaged, less well-evidenced locally developed approaches. Yet recently, evaluation research is showing that success is not assured. EBPs can and regularly do fail, at substantial cost to the public purse. In times of severe resource pressure, a pressing question is, therefore, whether lower cost, home-grown, practitioner-developed programmes—the sort often overlooked by policy-makers —can deliver socially significant and scientifically convincing outcomes at lower cost and at least on a par with their better resourced cousins. This paper shows how the application of techniques increasingly used in implementation science (the science of effective delivery) could help level the playing field. Processes for doing this including co-produced theory of change development and validation are illustrated with reference to the Family Links Ten Week Nurturing Programme (FLNP-10), a popular manualised group-based parenting support programme, designed and disseminated since the 1990s by a UK-based purveyor organisation. The paper draws out general principles for formulating and structuring strong theories of change for practice improvement projects. 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The paper reviews the concepts and common debates within the 'Theory of Change' literature, resulting from a detailed analysis of available donor, agency and expert guidance documents. A number of key issues are highlighted in the paper and these inform the collaborative research. 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