[ { "key": "7IRSW648", "version": 564, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/7IRSW648", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/7IRSW648", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 748108, "username": "bgalcik", "name": "Bryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bgalcik", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 747851, "username": "rstowe", "name": "Robert Stowe", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rstowe", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Schmalensee and Stavins", "parsedDate": "2015-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7IRSW648", "version": 564, "itemType": "report", "title": "Lessons Learned from Three Decades of Experience with Cap-and-Trade", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard", "lastName": "Schmalensee" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert N.", "lastName": "Stavins" } ], "abstractNote": "This essay provides an overview of the major emissions trading programs of the past thirty years on which significant documentation exists, and draws a number of important lessons for future applications of this environmental policy instrument. References to a larger number of other emissions trading programs that have been implemented or proposed are included.", "reportNumber": "15-80", "reportType": "Discussion Paper", "institution": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements", "place": "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA", "date": "2015 November", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/lessons-learned-three-decades-experience-cap-and-trade", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "KQ4BMZD5" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-03T20:22:35Z", "dateModified": "2023-10-01T21:55:11Z" } }, { "key": "S27XPSIJ", "version": 563, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/S27XPSIJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/S27XPSIJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 747851, "username": "rstowe", "name": "Robert Stowe", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rstowe", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ranson and Stavins", "parsedDate": "2012-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "S27XPSIJ", "version": 563, "itemType": "report", "title": "Post-Durban Climate Policy Architecture Based on Linkage of Cap-and-Trade Systems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthew", "lastName": "Ranson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert", "lastName": "Stavins" } ], "abstractNote": "The outcome of the December 2011 United Nations climate negotiations in Durban, South Africa, provides an important new opportunity to move toward an international climate policy architecture that is capable of delivering broad international participation and significant global CO2 emissions reductions at reasonable cost. We evaluate one important component of potential climate policy architecture for the post-Durban era: links among independent tradable permit systems for greenhouse gases. Because linkage reduces the cost of achieving given targets, there is tremendous pressure to link existing and planned cap-and-trade systems, and in fact, a number of links already or will soon exist. We draw on recent political and economic experience with linkage to evaluate potential roles that linkage may play in post-Durban international climate policy, both in a near-term, de facto architecture of indirect links between regional, national, and sub-national cap-and-trade systems, and in longer-term, more comprehensive bottom-up architecture of direct links. Although linkage will certainly help to reduce long-term abatement costs, it may also serve as an effective mechanism for building institutional and political structure to support a future climate agreement.", "reportNumber": "12-51", "reportType": "Discussion Paper", "institution": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements", "place": "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA", "date": "2012 May", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/post-durban-climate-policy-architecture-based-linkage-cap-and-trade-systems-0", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "KQ4BMZD5", "P2XQ8QPG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-30T13:46:57Z", "dateModified": "2023-01-26T21:11:02Z" } }, { "key": "PZMNUBJJ", "version": 562, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/PZMNUBJJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/PZMNUBJJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 747851, "username": "rstowe", "name": "Robert Stowe", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rstowe", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ranson and Stavins", "parsedDate": "2013-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PZMNUBJJ", "version": 562, "itemType": "report", "title": "Linkage of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Systems: Learning from Experience", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthew", "lastName": "Ranson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert", "lastName": "Stavins" } ], "abstractNote": "The last ten years have seen the growth of linkages between many of the world’s cap-and-trade systems for greenhouse gases (GHGs), both directly between systems, and indirectly via connections to credit systems such as the Clean Development Mechanism. If nations have tried to act in their own self-interest, this proliferation of linkages implies that for many nations, the expected benefits of linkage outweighed expected costs. In this paper, we draw on the past decade of experience with carbon markets to test a series of hypotheses about why systems have demonstrated this revealed preference for linking.\nLinkage is a multi-faceted policy decision that can be used by political jurisdictions to achieve a variety of objectives, and we find evidence that many economic, political, and strategic factors — ranging from geographic proximity to integrity of emissions reductions — influence the decision to link. We also identify some potentially important effects of linkage, such as loss of control over domestic carbon policies, which do not appear to have deterred real-world decisions to link.\nThese findings have implications for the future role that decentralized linkages may play in international climate policy architecture. The Kyoto Protocol has entered what is probably its final commitment period, covering only a small fraction of global GHG emissions. Under the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, negotiators may now gravitate toward a hybrid system, combining top-down elements for establishing targets with bottom-up elements of pledge-and-review tied to national policies and actions. The incentives for linking these national policies are likely to continue to produce direct connections among regional, national, and sub-national cap-and-trade systems. The growing network of decentralized, direct linkages among these systems may turn out to be a key part of a future hybrid climate policy architecture.", "reportNumber": "ES 13-02", "reportType": "Discussion Paper", "institution": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements", "place": "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA", "date": "2013 November", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/linkage-greenhouse-gas-emissions-trading-systems-learning-experience", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "64S2TDVW", "KQ4BMZD5", "P2XQ8QPG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-06T19:33:21Z", "dateModified": "2023-01-26T21:09:43Z" } }, { "key": "JDWVINPS", "version": 561, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/JDWVINPS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/JDWVINPS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 748108, "username": "bgalcik", "name": "Bryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bgalcik", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 747851, "username": "rstowe", "name": "Robert Stowe", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rstowe", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bodansky et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JDWVINPS", "version": 561, "itemType": "report", "title": "Facilitating Linkage of Heterogeneous Regional, National, and Sub-National Climate Policies Through a Future International Agreement", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel", "lastName": "Bodansky" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Seth", "lastName": "Hoedl" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gilbert E.", "lastName": "Metcalf" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert N.", "lastName": "Stavins" } ], "abstractNote": "Negotiations pursuant to the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action appear likely to lead to a 2015 Paris agreement that embodies a hybrid climate policy architecture, combining top-down elements, such as for monitoring, reporting, and verification, with bottom-up elements, including “nationally determined contributions” from each participating country, detailing what it intends to do to reduce emissions, based on its national circumstances. For such a system to be cost-effective—and thus more likely to achieve significant global emissions reductions—a key feature will be linkages among regional, national, and sub-national climate policies. By linkage, we mean a formal recognition by a greenhouse gas mitigation program in one jurisdiction (a regional, national, or sub-national government) of emission reductions undertaken in another jurisdiction for purposes of complying with the first jurisdiction’s mitigation program. We examine how a future international policy architecture could help facilitate the growth and operation of a robust system of international linkages of regional, national, and sub-national policies. Several design elements merit serious consideration for inclusion in the Paris agreement, either directly or by establishing a process for subsequent international elaboration. At the same time, including detailed linkage rules in the core agreement is not desirable because this could make it difficult for rules to evolve in light of experience.", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "Discussion Paper", "institution": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements", "place": "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA", "date": "2014 November", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/facilitating-linkage-heterogeneous-regional-national-and-sub-national-climate-policies", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "FZAI6KIP", "KQ4BMZD5", "P2XQ8QPG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-06T16:15:14Z", "dateModified": "2023-01-26T21:06:43Z" } }, { "key": "ITYL922I", "version": 560, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/ITYL922I", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/ITYL922I", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 747851, "username": "rstowe", "name": "Robert Stowe", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rstowe", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mehling et al.", "parsedDate": "2017-10", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ITYL922I", "version": 560, "itemType": "report", "title": "Linking Heterogeneous Climate Policies (Consistent with the Paris Agreement)", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Mehling" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gilbert E.", "lastName": "Metcalf" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert N", "lastName": "Stavins" } ], "abstractNote": "The Paris Agreement has achieved one of two key necessary conditions for ultimate success - a broad base of participation among the countries of the world. But another key necessary condition has yet to be achieved - adequate collective ambition of the individual nationally determined contributions. how can climate negotiators provide a structure that will included incentives to increase ambition over time? An important part of the answer can be international linkage of regional, national, and sub-national policies - that is, formal recognition of emission reductions undertaken in another jurisdiction for the purpose of meeting a Party's own mitigation objectives. A central challenge is how to facilitate such linkage in the context of the very great heterogeneity that characterizes climate policies along five dimensions: type of policy instrument; level of government jurisdiction; status of that jurisdiction under the Paris Agreement; nature of the policy instrument's target; and the nature, along several dimensions, of each PArty's National Determined Contribution. We consider such heterogeneity among policies, and identify which linkages of various combinations of characteristics are feasibile; of these, which are most promising; and what accounting mechanisms would make the operation of respective linkages consistent with the Paris Agreement.", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements", "place": "", "date": "October 2017", "seriesTitle": "Discussion Paper ES 17-6", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "55", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/linking-heterogeneous-climate-policies-consistent-paris-agreement", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "KQ4BMZD5" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-01-23T20:55:20Z", "dateModified": "2023-01-26T21:03:18Z" } }, { "key": "W8KTQ7WE", "version": 559, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/W8KTQ7WE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/W8KTQ7WE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 748108, "username": "bgalcik", "name": "Bryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bgalcik", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 747851, "username": "rstowe", "name": "Robert Stowe", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rstowe", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Aldy", "parsedDate": "2015-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "W8KTQ7WE", "version": 559, "itemType": "report", "title": "Policy Surveillance in the G-20 Fossil Fuel Subsidies Agreement: Lessons for Climate Policy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joseph E.", "lastName": "Aldy" } ], "abstractNote": "Inadequate policy surveillance has undermined the effectiveness of multilateral climate agreements. To illustrate an alternative approach to transparency, I evaluate policy surveillance under the 2009 G-20 fossil fuel subsidies agreement. The Leaders of the Group of 20 nations tasked their energy and finance ministers to identify and phase-out fossil fuel subsidies. The G-20 leaders agreed to submit their subsidy reform strategies to peer review and to independent expert review conducted by international organizations. This process of developed and developing countries pledging to pursue the same policy objective, designing and publicizing implementation plans, and subjecting plans and performance to review by international organizations differs considerably from the historic approach under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. This paper draws lessons from the fossil fuel subsidies agreement for climate policy surveillance.", "reportNumber": "15-70", "reportType": "Discussion Paper", "institution": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements", "place": "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA", "date": "2015 June", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/dp70_aldy.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "FZAI6KIP", "KQ4BMZD5" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-18T14:53:28Z", "dateModified": "2022-09-16T13:54:22Z" } }, { "key": "LRUFN7TU", "version": 557, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/LRUFN7TU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/LRUFN7TU", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/NTA72JVV", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "LRUFN7TU", "version": 557, "parentItem": "NTA72JVV", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Ramelli et al. - 2021 - Investor Rewards to Climate Responsibility Stock-.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Ramelli et al. - 2021 - Investor Rewards to Climate Responsibility Stock-.pdf", "md5": "ae1985050d82ac3f6bccac94055c35cf", "mtime": 1620678953145, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-05-12T15:10:08Z", "dateModified": "2021-05-12T15:10:08Z" } }, { "key": "NTA72JVV", "version": 555, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/NTA72JVV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/NTA72JVV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ramelli et al.", "parsedDate": "2021-05", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "NTA72JVV", "version": 555, "itemType": "report", "title": "Investor Rewards to Climate Responsibility: Stock-Price Responses to the Opposite Shocks of the 2016 and 2020 U.S. Elections", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stefano", "lastName": "Ramelli" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Alexander Wagner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alexandre", "lastName": "Ziegler" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard", "lastName": "Zeckhauser" } ], "abstractNote": "Donald Trump’s 2016 election and his nomination of climate skeptic Scott Pruitt to head the Environmental Protection Agency drastically downshifted expectations on U.S. policy toward climate change. Joseph Biden’s 2020 election shifted them dramatically upward. We study firms’ stock-price movements in reaction. As expected, the 2016 election boosted carbon-intensive firms. Surprisingly, firms with climate-responsible strategies also gained, especially those firms held by long-run investors. Such investors appear to have bet on a ‘‘boomerang’’ in climate policy. Harbingers of a boomerang already appeared during Trump’s term. The 2020 election marked its arrival. (JEL G14, G38, G41)", "reportNumber": "dp_101", "reportType": "Discussion Paper", "institution": "Harvard Kennedy School: Harvard Project on Climate Agreements", "place": "", "date": "May 2021", "seriesTitle": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Discussion Paper Series", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "79", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "KQ4BMZD5" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/283414/items/3VBSJIVD" }, "dateAdded": "2021-05-12T15:08:53Z", "dateModified": "2021-05-12T15:09:46Z" } }, { "key": "BZTAQWEE", "version": 549, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/BZTAQWEE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/BZTAQWEE", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/9YSHJ9DC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BZTAQWEE", "version": 549, "parentItem": "9YSHJ9DC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Aldy et al. - 2021 - Environmental Benefit-Cost Analysis A Comparative.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Aldy et al. - 2021 - Environmental Benefit-Cost Analysis A Comparative.pdf", "md5": "305768f8fd5acf0db539b1e72153734e", "mtime": 1610657058819, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-01-14T21:40:18Z", "dateModified": "2021-01-14T21:40:18Z" } }, { "key": "9YSHJ9DC", "version": 547, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/9YSHJ9DC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/9YSHJ9DC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Aldy et al.", "parsedDate": "2021-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "9YSHJ9DC", "version": 547, "itemType": "report", "title": "Environmental Benefit-Cost Analysis: A Comparative Analysis Between the United States and the United Kingdom", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joseph E.", "lastName": "Aldy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Giles", "lastName": "Atkinson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthew", "lastName": "Kotchen" } ], "abstractNote": "The United States and United Kingdom have longstanding traditions in use of\nenvironmental benefit-cost analysis (E-BCA). While there are similarities between how E-BCA is\nutilized, there are significant differences too, many of which mirror ongoing debates and recent\ndevelopments in the literature on environmental and natural resource economics. We review the\nuse of E-BCA in both countries across three themes: (a) the role of long-term discounting; (b) the\nestimation and use of carbon valuation; and, (c) the estimation and use of the value of a statistical\nlife. In each case, we discuss how academic developments are (and are not) translated into use and\ndraw comparative lessons. We find that, in some cases, practical differences in E-BCA can be\noverstated, although in others these seem more substantive. Advances in the academic frontier also\nraise the question of when and how to update practical E-BCA, with very different answers across\nour themes.", "reportNumber": "dp_21_100", "reportType": "Discussion Paper", "institution": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements", "place": "Harvard Kennedy School", "date": "January 2021", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "KQ4BMZD5" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-01-14T21:37:20Z", "dateModified": "2021-01-14T21:39:51Z" } }, { "key": "YXZM77HG", "version": 543, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/YXZM77HG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/YXZM77HG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "YXZM77HG", "version": 543, "itemType": "document", "title": "", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "type": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-01-14T21:34:50Z", "dateModified": "2021-01-14T21:34:50Z" } }, { "key": "XEH84JQX", "version": 540, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/XEH84JQX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/XEH84JQX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/59UIHCE6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XEH84JQX", "version": 540, "parentItem": "59UIHCE6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Aldy et al. - 2021 - Co-Benefits and Regulatory Impact Analysis Theory.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Aldy et al. - 2021 - Co-Benefits and Regulatory Impact Analysis Theory.pdf", "md5": "f1e63ba345378fa58b50b07b5e08644f", "mtime": 1610473635866, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-01-14T15:10:35Z", "dateModified": "2021-01-14T15:10:35Z" } }, { "key": "59UIHCE6", "version": 538, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/59UIHCE6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/59UIHCE6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Aldy et al.", "parsedDate": "2021-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "59UIHCE6", "version": 538, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Co-Benefits and Regulatory Impact Analysis: Theory and Evidence from Federal Air Quality Regulations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joseph", "lastName": "Aldy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthew", "lastName": "Kotchen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mary", "lastName": "Evans" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Meredith", "lastName": "Fowlie" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Arik", "lastName": "Levinson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Karen", "lastName": "Palmer" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper considers the treatment of co-benefits in benefit-cost analysis of federal air quality regulations. Using a comprehensive data set on all major Clean Air Act rules issued by the Environmental Protection Agency over the period 1997-2019, we show that (1) co-benefits make up a significant share of the monetized benefits; (2) among the categories of co-benefits, those associated with reductions in\nfine particulate matter are the most significant; and (3) co-benefits have been pivotal to the quantified net benefit calculation in nearly half of cases. Motivated by these trends, we develop a simple conceptual framework that illustrates a critical point: co-benefits are simply a semantic category of benefits that should be included in benefit-cost analyses. We also address common concerns about whether the inclusion of co-benefits is problematic because of alternative regulatory approaches that may be more cost-effective and the possibility for double counting.", "publicationTitle": "Harvard Environmental Economics Program", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January, 2021", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "45", "series": "Discussion Paper", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "KQ4BMZD5" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/283414/items/SCT8DAF9" }, "dateAdded": "2021-01-14T15:09:17Z", "dateModified": "2021-01-14T15:09:17Z" } }, { "key": "Z4LTDF3R", "version": 537, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/Z4LTDF3R", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/Z4LTDF3R", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Stavins and Stowe", "parsedDate": "2018-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Z4LTDF3R", "version": 537, "itemType": "report", "title": "International Cooperation in East Asia to Address Climate Change", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert N", "lastName": "Stavins" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert C.", "lastName": "Stowe" } ], "abstractNote": "The Harvard Project on Climate Agreements has released a volume of fifteen briefs examining approaches to international cooperation in East Asia to address climate change. Most authors were participants in a research workshop conducted by the Harvard Project on September 27, 2017, and the volume builds upon the discussions in that forum. Authors are social scientists (economists, political scientists) and legal scholars who have studied climate-change policy, plus several policy practitioners. They are based in Japan, New Zealand, the People’s Republic of China, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The agenda and list of participants for the workshop – as well as a more detailed description of the event — are available here.\n\nThe volume begins with four briefs describing the status of domestic climate-change policy in China, Japan, and Korea — in some cases with examinations of how international collaboration might evolve on the basis of these domestic policies. The remainder of the volume is organized around the provisions of the Paris Agreement’s Article 6, which is intended to facilitate international cooperation to address climate change. The second major section of the volume deals with linkage between and among policy systems — corresponding to (and likely enabled by) Article 6.2. The last major section addresses non-market and modified-market approaches to cooperation, which are mandated by Article 6.8 of the Paris Agreement.\n\nThe Harvard Project on Climate Agreements is grateful to the Harvard Global Institute, which provided funding for both the workshop and the preparation of this volume. The Institute supports research initiatives that deepen Harvard University’s international engagement and promote University-wide scholarship to address pressing global challenges, such as climate change, migration, and urbanization. The Harvard Project also thanks Harvard Center Shanghai — which collaborates closely with HGI — for hosting the workshop and providing a venue that contributed greatly to the success of the event.", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements", "place": "Cambridge, Massachusetts", "date": "February 2018", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/harvard-project-east-asia.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-08-12T16:17:35Z", "dateModified": "2020-08-12T16:19:25Z" } }, { "key": "UB566JNQ", "version": 533, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/UB566JNQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/UB566JNQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Harstad", "parsedDate": "2018-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UB566JNQ", "version": 533, "itemType": "report", "title": "Pledge and Review Bargaining", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bard", "lastName": "Harstad" } ], "abstractNote": "The Paris Agreement differs from the Kyoto Protocol in several ways: (1) the Kyoto Protocol has been referred to as a top-down agreement, while the Paris Agreement is sometimes referred to as bottom-up, partly because each party can decide on its own national commitment, without making it conditional on what other countries pledge. (2) While only 37 countries faced emission cuts in Kyoto’s first commitment period, nearly every country in the world has pledged to contribute to the Paris Agreement. (3) For one reason or another, the top-down approach was preferred in the 1990s, while the bottom-up approach was chosen in the 2010s. (4) The Kyoto Protocol’s emission cuts were “legally binding,” while they are not for the Paris Agreement. (5) Despite all these differences, the chosen commitment-period length was five years for both agreements.\n\nThis paper provides a game-theoretical model of pledge-and-review bargaining. It turns out that this way of formalizing the first difference (1) between the agreements can be used to explain and rationalize the other differences: (2)–(5). The model shows that pledge-and-review bargaining leads to less ambitious emission cuts. The lack of ambition makes it less costly to participate in the agreement, and thus the coalition size ends up being larger. The larger coalition size is the main benefit of the pledge-and-review procedure, and it is thus especially attractive if there is a large number of potential participants in the world. Arguably, the number of relevant players, when it comes to climate change, is larger today, after several countries that were less developed in the 1990s have become emerging economies. The theory can also explain why it was mainly the developing countries that wanted to proceed with Kyoto, while developed countries preferred the new architecture.\n\nThe framework predicts that the emission cuts are more likely to be self-enforcing if they are negotiated according to pledge-and-review, rather than according to a more standard bargaining procedure. This prediction can rationalize why the emission cuts in the Paris Agreement did not have to be defined as legally binding, even though they were so for the Kyoto Protocol.\n\nFinally, although the ideal commitment period length depends on many things in this framework, it is exactly the same for the two agreement designs, it turns out.\n\nThe trade-off between the deep-but-narrow Kyoto Protocol and the broad-but-shallow Paris Agreement leads to the following normative lesson. The ultimate benefit of “club goods,” such as linkages between trade and climate policy, is not necessarily that participation will increase, but that the coalition can choose a more ambitious (top-down) bargaining procedure without risking that the coalition size will fall by too much.", "reportNumber": "18-91", "reportType": "Discussion Paper", "institution": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements", "place": "Cambridge, Massachusetts", "date": "November 2018", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/dp_91_harstad.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-08-12T16:14:13Z", "dateModified": "2020-08-12T16:15:59Z" } }, { "key": "VJF529NA", "version": 530, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/VJF529NA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/VJF529NA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mehling", "parsedDate": "2018-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VJF529NA", "version": 530, "itemType": "report", "title": "Governing Cooperative Approaches Under the Paris Agreement", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Mehling" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "ES 2018-8", "reportType": "Two Page Summary", "institution": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements", "place": "Cambridge, Massachusetts", "date": "November 2018", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/m-mehling-paris-cooperative-approaches-nov-19-2018-summary.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "64S2TDVW" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-08-12T16:11:58Z", "dateModified": "2020-08-12T16:13:12Z" } }, { "key": "5GK2UMFV", "version": 527, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/5GK2UMFV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/5GK2UMFV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mehling", "parsedDate": "2018-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5GK2UMFV", "version": 527, "itemType": "report", "title": "Governing Cooperative Approaches Under the Paris Agreement", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Mehling" } ], "abstractNote": "Parties to the Paris Agreement can engage in voluntary cooperation and use internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards their national climate pledges. Doing so promises to lower the cost of achieving agreed climate objectives, which can, in turn, allow Parties to increase their mitigation efforts with given resources. Lower costs do not automatically translate into greater climate ambition, however. Transfers that involve questionable mitigation outcomes can effectively increase overall emissions, affirming the need for a sound regulatory framework. As Parties negotiate guidance on the implementation of cooperative approaches under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement, they are therefore considering governance options to secure environmental integrity and address the question of overall climate ambition. Drawing on an analytical framework that incorporates economic theory and deliberative jurisprudence, practical case studies, and treaty interpretation, this Working Paper maps central positions of actors in the negotiations and evaluates relevant options included in the latest textual proposal.\n\nIt concludes with a set of recommendations on how operational guidance can balance necessary safeguards for climate ambition with flexibility to contain transaction costs and allow for greater participation. Recalling the delicate equilibrium set out in the Paris Agreement, the Working Paper argues that neither over- nor underregulation will lead to efficient outcomes, or indeed be conducive to greater ambition. Theory and experience with carbon markets lend support to specific recommendations for guidance on Article 6.2, including design elements that should be included or avoided. Also, the Working Paper cautions against burdening the deliberation of primarily technical questions that need to be addressed in operational guidance with primarily political questions about ambition under the broader climate regime. Restrictions on the use of cooperative approaches should not seek to correct domestic choices or supplant political decisions on the appropriate form and ambition of national climate pledges under the Paris Agreement, which — where dealt with multilaterally — form part of a different negotiating agenda", "reportNumber": "ES 2018-8", "reportType": "Discussion Paper", "institution": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements", "place": "Cambridge, Massachusetts", "date": "November 2018", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/mehling-paris-cooperative-approaches-nov-19-2018.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-08-12T16:10:01Z", "dateModified": "2020-08-12T16:11:51Z" } }, { "key": "PV4QWBBM", "version": 524, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/PV4QWBBM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/PV4QWBBM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Stavins and Stowe", "parsedDate": "2019-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PV4QWBBM", "version": 524, "itemType": "report", "title": "Governance of the Deployment of Solar Geoengineering", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert N.", "lastName": "Stavins" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert C.", "lastName": "Stowe" } ], "abstractNote": "The Harvard Project on Climate Agreements has released a volume of 26 briefs that explores a range of topics related to how we might govern the deployment of solar geoengineering. “Solar geoengineering” (SG) refers to the deliberate alteration of the earth’s radiative balance in order to reduce the risks attributed to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The method most commonly discussed as technically plausible and potentially effective involves adding aerosols to the lower stratosphere, where they would reflect some (~1%) incoming sunlight back to space.\n\nThis type of SG — and possibly some others — are associated with incentive structures that are the inverse of those for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. The latter is a global commons problem, the structure of which requires cooperation at the highest jurisdictional level (that is, international cooperation) in order to advance mitigation adequately. It has been challenging to design and implement institutions and agreements to support such multilateral cooperation.\n\nIn contrast, certain types of SG can — in principle — be implemented effectively at relatively low financial cost — low enough to be borne by small states or non-state entities acting on their own. The impacts of such action, however, might be substantial, at regional or even global scales. These could include the intended beneficial effect — decreased global average surface temperature — plus other, potentially adverse side effects. Given the incentive structure associated with SG, its potentially substantial impacts, and the uncertainty (of various kinds) surrounding it, the governance of SG deployment will also be difficult — though the challenges will be quite different from those associated with encouraging emissions reduction.\n\nWith this in mind, in September 2018, the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements hosted a workshop on “Governance of the Deployment of Solar Geoengineering,” with collaboration and support from Harvard’s Solar Geoengineering Research Program (HSGRP). Participants included 26 leading academic researchers addressing the workshop’s topic — as well as scholars who had considered the governance of other international regimes that might provide lessons and insights. The briefs in this volume are based in large part on presentations by the authors at the workshop.", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements", "place": "Cambridge, Massachusetts", "date": "February 2019", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/harvard_project_sg_governance-briefs_volume_feb_2019.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-08-12T16:06:28Z", "dateModified": "2020-08-12T16:09:13Z" } }, { "key": "J6GM5VTA", "version": 519, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/J6GM5VTA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/J6GM5VTA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "John Deutch", "parsedDate": "2019-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "J6GM5VTA", "version": 519, "itemType": "report", "title": "Implementing Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs): An Innovation Note", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "John Deutch" } ], "abstractNote": "The goal of negative-emissions-technologies (NET) innovation is to demonstrate and deploy these technologies on a time scale that allows meeting the 2015 Paris Agreement objective of limiting global average temperature increase. Implementing this innovation requires a complex effort that addresses many interconnected factors relevant to climate policy. These go beyond technical considerations to matters of economics, regulation, and market design. The greatest challenge to climate-change innovation is how to manage the transition of technology from the R&D stage to deployment. For a new solution such as NET to gain policymaker approval and resources needed to develop and deploy a practical operating system, advocates must come forward with a design-of-innovation program.", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "Policy Brief", "institution": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements", "place": "Cambridge, Massachusetts", "date": "July 2019", "seriesTitle": "Viewpoints", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/190801-deutch-viewpoint-final.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-08-12T16:01:52Z", "dateModified": "2020-08-12T16:04:38Z" } }, { "key": "BGYURSTC", "version": 515, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/BGYURSTC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/BGYURSTC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Anjaparidze", "parsedDate": "2019-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BGYURSTC", "version": 515, "itemType": "report", "title": "The Extraordinary Climate Agreement on International Aviation: An Airline Industry Perspective", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "George", "lastName": "Anjaparidze" } ], "abstractNote": "The Carbon Offset and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in October 2016, addresses the growth in total CO2 emissions from international aviation above 2020 levels. Prior to the scheme, there was a high risk that states would introduce climate policies that would lead to a costly patchwork of overlapping and distortive measures. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) played a crucial role in developing workable solutions that helped secure a global approach to addressing CO2 emissions from international aviation. (ICAO is an international governmental organization, and IATA is a business association.)\n\nNo other sector has a climate policy that places an absolute global cap on net CO2 emissions. A key design feature of CORSIA is that it incorporates the concept of shared responsibility for managing CO2 emissions. The offset responsibility of individual carriers is, initially in full and later in part, determined by the industry CO2 growth factor. Furthermore, the scheme is phased in a way that addresses the special circumstances and respective capabilities of developing countries while ensuring uniform treatment of aircraft operators.\n\nThis paper has six sections. It starts by introducing the key relevant characteristics of air transport. The second section provides historical context in which the industry climate change strategy was developed. The third section provides an overview of the technical work of the IATA Climate Change Task Force. The fourth section highlights the key industry decision points taken by IATA members. The fifth section explains the key design features of CORSIA as adopted by ICAO. The last section highlights next steps for CORSIA implementation.", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "Policy Brief", "institution": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements", "place": "Cambridge, Massachusetts", "date": "October 2019", "seriesTitle": "HPCA Viewpoints", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/191021-anjaparidze-viewpoint.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-08-12T15:55:30Z", "dateModified": "2020-08-12T16:00:49Z" } }, { "key": "Q29BCHZG", "version": 512, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/Q29BCHZG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/Q29BCHZG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Schmalensee and Stavins", "parsedDate": "2019", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Q29BCHZG", "version": 512, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Policy Evolution Under the Clean Air Act", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard", "lastName": "Schmalensee" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert N", "lastName": "Stavins" } ], "abstractNote": "The US Clean Air Act, passed in 1970 with strong bipartisan support, was the first environmental law to give the federal government a serious regulatory role, established the architecture of the US air pollution control system, and became a model for subsequent environmental laws in the United States and globally. We outline the act's key provisions, as well as the main changes Congress has made to it over time. We assess the evolution of air pollution control policy under the Clean Air Act, with particular attention to the types of policy instruments used. We provide a generic assessment of the major types of policy instruments, and we trace and assess the historical evolution of the Environmental Protection Agency's policy instrument use, with particular focus on the increased use of market-based policy instruments, beginning in the 1970s and culminating in the 1990s. Over the past 50 years, air pollution regulation has gradually become more complex, and over the past 20 years, policy debates have become increasingly partisan and polarized, to the point that it has become impossible to amend the act or pass other legislation to address the new threat of climate change.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Economic Perspectives", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Fall 2019", "volume": "33", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "27-50", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/policy-evolution-under-clean-air-act-0", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-08-12T15:49:02Z", "dateModified": "2020-08-12T15:55:18Z" } }, { "key": "DDGT8BIQ", "version": 508, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/DDGT8BIQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/DDGT8BIQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Stavins", "parsedDate": "2019-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DDGT8BIQ", "version": 508, "itemType": "report", "title": "Carbon Taxes vs. Cap and Trade: Theory and Practice", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert N", "lastName": "Stavins" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "Two Page Summary", "institution": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements", "place": "Cambridge, Massachusetts", "date": "November 2019", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/es-09_stavins_two-page_summary_nov_2019.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "64S2TDVW" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-08-12T15:46:24Z", "dateModified": "2020-08-12T15:48:08Z" } }, { "key": "IHXGM4X8", "version": 506, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/IHXGM4X8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/IHXGM4X8", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Stavins", "parsedDate": "2019-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IHXGM4X8", "version": 506, "itemType": "report", "title": "Carbon Taxes vs. Cap and Trade: Theory and Practice", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert N", "lastName": "Stavins" } ], "abstractNote": "There is widespread agreement among economists — and a diverse set of other policy analysts — that, at least in the long run, an economy-wide carbon-pricing system will be an essential element of any national policy that can achieve meaningful reductions of CO2 emissions cost-effectively in the United States and many other countries. There is less agreement, however, among economists and others in the policy community regarding the choice of specific carbon-pricing policy instrument, with some supporting carbon taxes and others favoring cap-and-trade mechanisms. How do the two major approaches to carbon pricing compare on relevant dimensions, including efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and distributional equity? This paper addresses this question by drawing on theories of policy instrument choice pertaining to the attributes — or merits — of the instruments. The paper also draws on relevant empirical evidence. It concludes with a look at the path ahead. Finally, the paper includes an appendix reviewing carbon pricing policy in South America.", "reportNumber": "ES-09", "reportType": "Discussion Paper", "institution": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements", "place": "Cambridge, Massachusetts", "date": "November 2019", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/es-09_stavins_vers2.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-08-12T15:44:35Z", "dateModified": "2020-08-12T15:46:15Z" } }, { "key": "LWB74XMK", "version": 503, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/LWB74XMK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/LWB74XMK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Stavins and Stowe", "parsedDate": "2020-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "LWB74XMK", "version": 503, "itemType": "report", "title": "Subnational Climate Change Policy in China", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert N", "lastName": "Stavins" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert C.", "lastName": "Stowe" } ], "abstractNote": "Climate change is a global commons problem and therefore necessitates cooperation at the\nhighest jurisdictional level – that is, international cooperation among national governments – if\nit is to be adequately addressed. Both national governments and subnational governments can\nsignificantly advance efforts to mitigate climate change. Provinces and municipalities around the\nworld have indeed undertaken initiatives – sometimes working together across national boundaries – to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. This includes jurisdictions in the largest-emitting\ncountries – China, the United States, and India – as well as in the European Union.\nThis volume examines subnational climate-change policy in China – including how Chinese\nprovinces and municipalities work with the central government to implement policy. The\nvolume focuses to a considerable degree on carbon-pricing policy in China, including how\nChina’s subnational (pilot) emissions-trading systems can inform the emerging national carbonpricing system.", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "Discussion Paper", "institution": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements", "place": "Cambridge, Massachusetts", "date": "February 2020", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/200213-1632-china-subnational-designed-final.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-08-12T15:29:14Z", "dateModified": "2020-08-12T15:44:19Z" } }, { "key": "YN3ND8M6", "version": 500, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 203432, "name": "Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Publications", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/203432/items/YN3ND8M6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/harvard_project_on_climate_agreements_publications/items/YN3ND8M6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4257038, "username": "CBillings", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cbillings", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Stavins and Barrett", "parsedDate": "2020-04-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "YN3ND8M6", "version": 500, "itemType": "newspaperArticle", "title": "What Economics Can Say About an Effective Response to the Coronavirus", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert N", "lastName": "Stavins" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Scott", "lastName": "Barrett" } ], "abstractNote": "Robert N. Stavins, an RFF university fellow, Harvard professor, and RFF Board member, recently hosted Scott Barrett on an episode of his Environmental Insights podcast. Barrett, a professor at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, specializes in both climate change mitigation and disease eradication. In the podcast interview, Stavins and Barrett discussed lessons from historic pandemics, how economists can help with policymaking surrounding the coronavirus, and what the “post-pandemic economic equilibrium” might look like. An abridged version of their conversation is transcribed below.", "publicationTitle": "Resources Magazine", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 2, 2020", "volume": "", "issue": "", "edition": "", "section": "", "pages": "", "ISSN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/what-economics-can-say-about-effective-response-coronavirus", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-08-12T15:21:12Z", "dateModified": "2020-08-12T15:29:14Z" } } ]