This article examined 50 ancient and modern replicative Clovis points using 3D technology. It used the isoheight contours to compare symmetry of both faces using Principle Component Analysis; morphological shape does not necessarily imply the same technological processes of reduction. The results show a high degree of symmetry between the ancient Clovis points; this was not present in the replicated points. The authors suggest that the high degree of symmetry is related to knapping knowledge transmission in the form of intense apprenticeship, perhaps in the form of groups sharing lithic sources and sharing technical knowledge at the quarry.
\n\n
Very relavent to my study, but is limited in its sample size. Further, it does not test the visibility of the transmission at quarry sites; e.g. groups A and B share quarry X, and B and C have direct contact. How is A's knowledge visible in Group C's knapping? The article does not discuss the visibility of levels of skill.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-26T18:43:00Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-26T18:43:00Z" } }, { "key": "62J7WPFG", "version": 43, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/62J7WPFG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/62J7WPFG", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/7N92KRRH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "62J7WPFG", "version": 43, "parentItem": "7N92KRRH", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Milne_PalaeoEskimoNoviceFlintknapping_2005.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Milne_PalaeoEskimoNoviceFlintknapping_2005.pdf", "md5": "af9fc06393397c506591a4511ff84211", "mtime": 1377190454945, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:54:16Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:54:16Z" } }, { "key": "7N92KRRH", "version": 41, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/7N92KRRH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/7N92KRRH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Milne", "parsedDate": "2005", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "7N92KRRH", "version": 41, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Palaeo-Eskimo Novice Flintkapping in\nthe Eastern Canadian Arctic", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. Brooke", "lastName": "Milne" } ], "abstractNote": "Data from two inland Palaeo-Eskimo sites on southern Baffin Island are evidence for novice flintknapping. The interior of the island boasts a rich and reliable supply of lithic raw material, and the two sites were occupied during the Arctic warm season when access to it was unrestricted. The use of a direct procurement strategy to acquire the material at this time of year from such a localized source suggests that acquisition activities were structured as part of the seasonal resource exploitation strategies of the Palaeo-Eskimos on southern Baffin Island. The incidence of novice flintknapping appears to be directly linked to this procurement.\nBy drawing on data from published replicative studies and archaeological\nremains) socially meaningful patterns of idiosyncratic assemblage variability can be identified, providing greater insights into the social components of lithic toolproduction and skill\napprenticeship.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Field Archaeology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2005", "volume": "30", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "329-345", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:54:02Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:54:02Z" } }, { "key": "SN3PSDUN", "version": 40, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/SN3PSDUN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/SN3PSDUN", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/ZQCDCU89", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SN3PSDUN", "version": 40, "parentItem": "ZQCDCU89", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Williams & Andrefsky 2011 Debitage Variability JAS.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Williams & Andrefsky 2011 Debitage Variability JAS.pdf", "md5": "61e6bd11fbdfc55a2907307da73274ad", "mtime": 1377190082100, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:48:03Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:48:03Z" } }, { "key": "ZQCDCU89", "version": 38, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/ZQCDCU89", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/ZQCDCU89", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Williams and Andrefsky Jr.", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ZQCDCU89", "version": 38, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Debitage variability among multiple flint knappers", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Justin P.", "lastName": "Williams" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William", "lastName": "Andrefsky Jr." } ], "abstractNote": "Five flint knappers produced both multidirectional cores and early stage bifaces. The debitage assemblages\nwere compared to evaluate if, and to what degree, the debitage created by one flint knapper varies from that of other flint knappers. The debitage from these reduction episodes was then analyzed with commonly used and replicable debitage attributes. Each knapper was evaluated in terms of his/her individual consistency, and the debitage produced was tested for each ratio scale debitage attribute to\nensure that the variability found between knappers was not a product of variation within the assemblages\nof the individual knappers. The debitage from the individual flint knappers was found to be highly\nvariable between knappers for both technologies.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Archaeological Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011", "volume": "38", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "865-872", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jas.2010.11.008", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:47:51Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:47:51Z" } }, { "key": "DM6JQIDZ", "version": 37, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/DM6JQIDZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/DM6JQIDZ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/BBWUJGD4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DM6JQIDZ", "version": 37, "parentItem": "BBWUJGD4", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Sumner_DissertationLearningCognition_2009.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Sumner_DissertationLearningCognition_2009.pdf", "md5": "bdacd4e1778dde93f3d22b0f4405b2a9", "mtime": 1377189642670, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:40:44Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:40:44Z" } }, { "key": "BBWUJGD4", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/BBWUJGD4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/BBWUJGD4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sumner", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "BBWUJGD4", "version": 35, "itemType": "thesis", "title": "Learning and Cognition among Middle Palaeolithic Stone Toolmakers of Egyptian North Africa", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T. Alexandra", "lastName": "Sumner" } ], "abstractNote": "The present study concerns individual and group technological performance, and the social environment in which learned technological knowledge is achieved and shared among Middle Palaeolithic flintknappers. The site of Taramsa Hill in Upper Egypt provides a unique collection of lithic refits through which aspects of early human\ncognition, learning and information exchange are examined. The Levallois strategy represents the technology employed at the quarry and workshop site, along with its transitional form, the Taramsan strategy.\n\nDrawing from the fields of psychology and the cognitive sciences, and\nemploying photogrammetric and 3D computer applications, I examine aspects of the individual flintknapping event, including the installation and maintenance of upper-surface\nconvexity and the management of core volume. I present results from studies\nin product standardization, cycles of preparation and endproduct exploitation, and core sector exploitation. I discuss technological commonalities and variation, tracing the\nchai^ne ope'ratoires of each event in light of specific cognitive correlates, including proceduralization, multi-tasking, and motor action schema. These processes directlyrelate to technical savoir faire (know-how) and technological connaissance(knowledge) (Pelegrin 1993; Boeda 1995; Chazan 1997).\n\nTied to current debates concerning the capacity for modern human behaviour\nprior to the Upper Palaeolithic, the present study demonstrates the complex nature of the cognitive versatility dominating the work of a group of late Middle Palaeolithic flintknappers. Taken from a study of thirty-one sequences, I identify nine expertly\nknapped cores, the study of which forms the basis of the dissertation. Adding to the views of others, I provide evidence to support the Levallois strategy as being only a general concept, used by each knapper as a framework to formulate a strategy tailored to the particular knapping event. Each example of the Levallois strategy is, in fact, a collection of \"blocks of technological knowledge\" or sub-strategies, stored and retrieved from long-term memory and combined by the knapper to suit the particulars\nof the unique knapping event.\n\nThe presence of many endproducts, and near-complete reductions, suggests a\npurpose for the site beyond that of mere technological function. I interpret Taramsa\nHill to be, in part, a location for learning technological behaviours. Evidence for the exchange of technological information set within unified system of learning, is exhibited in patterns of core maintenance and reduction design. Each core signifies an individual knapper, but also represents knowledge shared among a group of prehistoric stone toolmakers.", "thesisType": "Dissertation", "university": "University of Toronto", "place": "", "date": "2009", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "numPages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:40:35Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:40:35Z" } }, { "key": "KDNSXZDF", "version": 34, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/KDNSXZDF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/KDNSXZDF", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/CZCMSIJA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KDNSXZDF", "version": 34, "parentItem": "CZCMSIJA", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Stout_SkillCognition_2002.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Stout_SkillCognition_2002.pdf", "md5": "814c2cf84a5cf38da8bfbd65c978a161", "mtime": 1377189276806, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:34:38Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:34:38Z" } }, { "key": "CZCMSIJA", "version": 32, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/CZCMSIJA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/CZCMSIJA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Stout", "parsedDate": "2002", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "CZCMSIJA", "version": 32, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Skill and Cognition in Stone Tool Production: An Ethnographic Case Study from Irian Jaya", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dietrich", "lastName": "Stout" } ], "abstractNote": "Stone tools represent some of the best remaining evidence of prehistoric\nbehavior and cognition. Interpreting this evidence properly requires models based on observable phenomena in the modern world. For this reason, ethnographic research was undertaken\namong the adze makers of the village of Langda in Indonesian Irian Jaya. This research, involving observation, interviews, and analysis of lithic products, revealed a technology of great sophistication and complexity. Adze-making skill is acquired through a\nperiod of apprenticeship that may last five years or more, during which time the community of adze makers provides a social scaffold for the learning process. Adze production is itself a social phenomenon, defined as much by personal and group relations,\nsocial norms, and mythic significance as by specific reduction strategies and technical terminology. Adze-making ability is associated not only with well-developed perceptual-motor and\ncognitive skills but also with a wealth of technological knowledge. Although much of the complexity of the Langda adze industry would be invisible to an archaeologist, evidence of knapping\nskill is preserved in attributes of the durable stone artifacts produced. This evidence may be used to develop productive hypotheses about the psychological implications of prehistoric stone tools.", "publicationTitle": "Current Anthropology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2002", "volume": "43", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "693-722", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:34:29Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:34:29Z" } }, { "key": "EA8VFWB9", "version": 31, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/EA8VFWB9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/EA8VFWB9", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/ZSJXATXF", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EA8VFWB9", "version": 31, "parentItem": "ZSJXATXF", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Sholts.etal_3DScanningClovisLearning_2012.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Sholts.etal_3DScanningClovisLearning_2012.pdf", "md5": "0d7a286f8a30915c5e4596b0f92e8d67", "mtime": 1377189093711, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:31:35Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:31:35Z" } }, { "key": "ZSJXATXF", "version": 29, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/ZSJXATXF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/ZSJXATXF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sholts et al.", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "ZSJXATXF", "version": 29, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Flake scar patterns of Clovis points analyzed with a new digital morphometrics\napproach: evidence for direct transmission of technological knowledge across early North America", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sabrina B.", "lastName": "Sholts" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dennis J.", "lastName": "Stanford" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Louise M.", "lastName": "Flores" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sebastian K.T.S.", "lastName": "Wärmländer" } ], "abstractNote": "Clovis points are the principal diagnostic artifacts of a Clovis complex that spread across North America\nbetween ca. 11,050e10,800 radiocarbon years before present. Clovis may be the best documented Paleoamerican culture in North America, but much remains to be learned about the movement and\ninteractions of Clovis peoples. Similarities among Clovis points from geographically diverse locations\nhave led some researchers to suggest that a uniform projectile point technology existed across North\nAmerica during Clovis times. Others have rejected this idea, proposing local and independent technological\nadaptations to different regional environments. To investigate these ideas, we used digital morphometrics to analyze 50 Clovis points from nine different contexts. First, 3D surface models of the points were created with a portable laser scanner. Next, these models were digitally cross-sectioned\nthrough both faces, yielding two-dimensional isoheight contours of flake scar patterns that reflect the\noriginal reduction techniques used to shape the projectile points. In the final step, the contours were\ntransformed with elliptic Fourier analysis into Fourier coefficient series, and patterns of variation and\nsymmetry were explored with principal components analysis. When compared to modern Clovis point replicas made by an expert knapper, the flake scar contours of the ancient Clovis points showed little morphological variation and a large degree of bifacial symmetry. Our results support the existence of\na widespread standardized “Clovis” knapping technique, most likely transmitted through direct interaction\nbetween knappers from different groups.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Archaeological Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "39", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "3018-3026", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.049", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:31:27Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:31:27Z" } }, { "key": "UKQFZCQ8", "version": 28, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/UKQFZCQ8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/UKQFZCQ8", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/9D88I3VP", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UKQFZCQ8", "version": 28, "parentItem": "9D88I3VP", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Lycett.etal_CrossbeamCoordinateCaliper_2006.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Lycett.etal_CrossbeamCoordinateCaliper_2006.pdf", "md5": "91306d7adffb374b59896abcafac6bb2", "mtime": 1377188906947, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:28:28Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:28:28Z" } }, { "key": "9D88I3VP", "version": 26, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/9D88I3VP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/9D88I3VP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lycett et al.", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "9D88I3VP", "version": 26, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A crossbeam co-ordinate caliper for the morphometric analysis of lithic nuclei: a description, test and empirical examples of application", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephen J.", "lastName": "Lycett" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Noreen von", "lastName": "Cramon-Taubadel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert A.", "lastName": "Foley" } ], "abstractNote": "Over the last four decades, there has been surprisingly little advance in the quantitative morphometric analysis of Palaeolithic stone tools, especially compared to that which has taken place in biological morphometrics over a comparable time frame. In Palaeolithic archaeology’s sister discipline of palaeoanthropology, detailed quantitative morphometric, geometric morphometric, and even 3D geometric morphometric analyses are now seen almost as routine. This period of relative methodological stasis may have been influenced by the lack of homologous landmarks on many lithic tools (essential for any comparative analysis), especially core-based technologies of the Lower Palaeolithic. Archaeological field conditions may also prohibit the use of expensive and delicate precision instruments in certain cases. Here we present a crossbeam co-ordinate caliper that e crucially e both geometrically locates and measures distances between morphologically homologous landmarks upon lithic nuclei via a single protocol. Intra- and inter-observer error tests provide evidence that error levels associated with the instrument fall within acceptable ranges. In addition, we present empirical examples of application in the form of a multivariate analysis of 55 discrete morphometric variables, and a 3D geometric morphometric analysis of co-ordinate landmark configurations derived from Pleistocene lithic nuclei (i.e. ‘cores’ sensu lato). We also introduce to lithic studies some techniques for the study of shape variation that have previously been used with success in biological morphometric analyses. We conclude that use of an instrument such as the crossbeam co-ordinate caliper may provide a useful adjunct to traditional techniques of lithic analysis, particularly in developing a quantitative morphometric approach.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Archaeological Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2006", "volume": "33", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "847-861", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jas.2005.10.014", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:28:19Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:28:19Z" } }, { "key": "XBB34GA5", "version": 25, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/XBB34GA5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/XBB34GA5", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/RZ4VUAGK", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XBB34GA5", "version": 25, "parentItem": "RZ4VUAGK", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Lin.etal_3DCortex_2010.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Lin.etal_3DCortex_2010.pdf", "md5": "7480bda91ee53963e805d4e5b43f1fb8", "mtime": 1377188695379, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:24:57Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:24:57Z" } }, { "key": "RZ4VUAGK", "version": 23, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/RZ4VUAGK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/RZ4VUAGK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lin et al.", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "RZ4VUAGK", "version": 23, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The application of 3D laser scanning technology to the assessment of ordinal\nand mechanical cortex quantification in lithic analysis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sam C.H.", "lastName": "Lin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthew J.", "lastName": "Douglass" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Simon J.", "lastName": "Holdaway" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bruce", "lastName": "Floyd" } ], "abstractNote": "Recent studies make use of cortex proportion as a proxy measurement for the impact of artefact transport on assemblage formation. Cortex in these studies is measured on an ordinal scale and analysed in relation to mechanical measurements of artefact size. Here we report on the use of a 3D laser scanner\nto obtain precise measurements from experimental lithic reduction sets. High-resolution measurements of cortex area are compared to measurements obtained through ordinal approximations of cortex proportion and mechanical approximations of artefact size. While the ordinal and mechanical measurements result in considerable error for individual artefacts, estimates improve significantly as sample size increases.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Archaeological Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010", "volume": "37", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "694-702", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jas.2009.10.030", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:24:46Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:24:46Z" } }, { "key": "Z65DGKJT", "version": 22, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/Z65DGKJT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/Z65DGKJT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/UPR7ERQA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Z65DGKJT", "version": 22, "parentItem": "UPR7ERQA", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Kuzminsky.Gardiner_3DScanning_2012.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Kuzminsky.Gardiner_3DScanning_2012.pdf", "md5": "e715e34143fa96e53f57d7ed8f094267", "mtime": 1377188542931, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:22:24Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:22:24Z" } }, { "key": "UPR7ERQA", "version": 20, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/UPR7ERQA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/UPR7ERQA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kuzminsky and Gardiner", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "UPR7ERQA", "version": 20, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Three-dimensional laser scanning: potential uses for museum conservation and\nscientific research", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Susan C.", "lastName": "Kuzminsky" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Megan S.", "lastName": "Gardiner" } ], "abstractNote": "Recent technological advancements have made a tremendous impact in the fields of biological anthropology and archaeology. Although advancements in DNA analysis have overshadowed other areas of progress in the subfields of biological anthropology, bioarchaeologists are now utilizing many other new forms of technology in their work. In particular, three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning offers a sophisticated method of documenting and studying prehistoric human skeletons. In recent years, portable laser scanning devices capable of creating high resolution images have become available, enabling researchers\nto scan and archive skeletal collections from archaeological sites and museum collections around the world. 3D laser scanners are inexpensive, simple to operate, and completely non-destructive to human\nskeletal material. A major benefit is that they offer a cost-effective method of creating a digital record of skeletal collections for museum archives. Since published research using 3D methods typically focuses on\nsophisticated analyses used to analyze 3D data that are difficult for the novice user to follow, in this paper we provide a simple and straightforward overview of 3D scanning methods aimed at nonspecialists. We discuss how these methods can be used to preserve and document osteological material\nin museums, develop research ideas in the subfields of biological anthropology, and increase the potential for scholarly collaboration.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Archaeological Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "39", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2744-2751", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.020", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:22:12Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:22:12Z" } }, { "key": "8HSZJ22E", "version": 19, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/8HSZJ22E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/8HSZJ22E", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/GRWDH39T", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8HSZJ22E", "version": 19, "parentItem": "GRWDH39T", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Fei.etal_Engravedartifact_2012.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Fei.etal_Engravedartifact_2012.pdf", "md5": "7cdb2eca2561be4f5e59b5ac78b93057", "mtime": 1377188365677, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:19:27Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:19:27Z" } }, { "key": "GRWDH39T", "version": 17, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/GRWDH39T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/GRWDH39T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fei et al.", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "GRWDH39T", "version": 17, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "An engraved artifact from Shuidonggou, an Early Late Paleolithic\nSite in Northwest China", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peng", "lastName": "Fei" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gao", "lastName": "Xing" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Wang", "lastName": "HuiMin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chen", "lastName": "FuYou" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Liu", "lastName": "DeCheng" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pei", "lastName": "ShuWen" } ], "abstractNote": "Cognition and symbolic thinking are viewed as important features of modern human behavior. Engraved objects are seen as a hallmark of cognition and symbolism, and even as evidence for language. Accumulated evidences including engraved bones, ochre, ostrich eggshells and stone artifacts were unearthed from Africa, Europe, Levant even Siberia Paleolithic sites. But the archaeological evidence for this, including beads, ornaments, burials, performed objects and engraved objects, is rarely discovered in the Pleistocene of East Asia. The present paper reports an engraved stone object unearthed in the Early Late Paleolithic levels about 30 ka BP at the Shuidonggou site (SDG) in northwestern China. It was unearthed in the 1980’s excavation from Lower culture unit of SDG1 but was identified in 2011 when the first author of this article observed the collection from the 1980’s excavations stored in the Institute of Archaeology of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region for further detailed lithic analysis. This lithic artifact is the first engraved non-organic object of the Paleolithic period found in China. In order to clarify the details of the incisions and to document the human intentional modifications, we used a KEYENCE VHX-600 Digital Microscope to measure and observe all the incisions in 3-dimensional perspective. Comparing the natural cracks and analyzing many details of the incisions, we argue that incisions on this stone artifact are the result of intentional behaviors by ancient humans. Also, we exclude the possible other causes including animal-induced damages, post-depositional phenomenon and unintentional by-products. Combining all these features, we suggest that the incisions were made by an intentional behavior and were probably of a non-utilitarian character. Because the nature of most other engraved objects in China is debate, we cannot get a clear scenario of the emergence and progress of modern human behavior in North China. But we infer the possible existence of a counting or recording system, or other symbolic behaviors,which reflect considerably evolved cognitive capacities or modern human behavior in the Early Late Paleolithic\nof East Asia.", "publicationTitle": "Chinese Science Bulletin", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "57", "issue": "35", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "4594-4599", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1007/s11434-012-5317-6", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:19:19Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:19:19Z" } }, { "key": "ASH72WJ8", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/ASH72WJ8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/ASH72WJ8", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/SB2F7PF8", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ASH72WJ8", "version": 16, "parentItem": "SB2F7PF8", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Eren.etal_DefiningMeasruingReduction_2005.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Eren.etal_DefiningMeasruingReduction_2005.pdf", "md5": "d61f2e0337521d9b21dc1ee9b028340b", "mtime": 1377188106309, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:15:07Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:15:07Z" } }, { "key": "SB2F7PF8", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/SB2F7PF8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/SB2F7PF8", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Eren et al.", "parsedDate": "2005", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "SB2F7PF8", "version": 14, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Defining and measuring reduction in unifacial stone tools", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Metin I.", "lastName": "Eren" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Manuel", "lastName": "Dominguez-Rodrigo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Steven L.", "lastName": "Kuhn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel S.", "lastName": "Adler" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ian", "lastName": "Le" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ofer", "lastName": "Bar-Yosef" } ], "abstractNote": "Observations pertaining to particular stages of the lithic chaıˆne ope´ratoire, or reconstructions of the entire operational sequence at a particular site, can be used to develop a detailed understanding of past human cognitive capabilities, technological\nsophistication, mobility, and land use. The ‘‘reduction sequence’’ is a specific stage of the chaıˆne ope´ratoire that many archaeologists\nhave attempted to measure. Many of these attempts fail to recognize that ‘‘reduction’’ is a three-dimensional process, and thus should be measured with an appropriate three-dimensional unit: volume. This paper presents a new methodology for measuring and defining reduction in unifacial stone tools that reconstructs the original volume of a modified blank, allowing a realistic percentage of volume loss to be calculated. This new method is fast, precise, and very accurate.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Archaeological Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2005", "volume": "32", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1190-1201", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jas.2005.03.003", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:14:59Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:14:59Z" } }, { "key": "9ZRRBB7Q", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/9ZRRBB7Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/9ZRRBB7Q", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/EQF7VPFU", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9ZRRBB7Q", "version": 13, "parentItem": "EQF7VPFU", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Clarkson_MeasuringCoreReduction_2013.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Clarkson_MeasuringCoreReduction_2013.pdf", "md5": "2546372fc476a4cd8cc3784ffa8f8f6a", "mtime": 1377187880937, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:11:23Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:11:23Z" } }, { "key": "EQF7VPFU", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/EQF7VPFU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/EQF7VPFU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Clarkson", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "EQF7VPFU", "version": 11, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Measuring core reduction using 3D flake scar density: a test case of\nchanging core reduction at Klasies River Mouth, South Africa", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chris", "lastName": "Clarkson" } ], "abstractNote": "A new core reduction index is presented, calculated as the ratio of flake scar number to 3D surface area\n(SDI). The index is tested experimentally on five types of core (blade, discoid, Levallois, biface and\nmultiplatform cores) and then applied to the core assemblages from five sub-stages of the Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth, South Africa. Preliminary results indicate that the SDI possesses the desirable\nattributes of a successful reduction index and is a significant improvement on traditional proxy measures of core reduction. The results of the archaeological case study confirm previous untested observations that cores from the Howiesons Poort and MSAIII sub-stages are more heavily reduced than preceding and following stages, and that local and exotic raw materials as well as different types of cores are all more\nheavily reduced during these periods. The SDI fills a significant lacuna in available core reduction\nmeasures.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Archaeological Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2013", "volume": "40", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "4348-4357", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:11:14Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:11:14Z" } }, { "key": "SHXBIPIG", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/SHXBIPIG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/SHXBIPIG", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/SIBHEIFC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SHXBIPIG", "version": 10, "parentItem": "SIBHEIFC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Clarkson.Hiscock_EstimatingOriginalMass_2011.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Clarkson.Hiscock_EstimatingOriginalMass_2011.pdf", "md5": "519922f02e4fcf6713841bc1ad0a7ca9", "mtime": 1377187701908, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:08:24Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:08:24Z" } }, { "key": "SIBHEIFC", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 200286, "name": "NSF Grant Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/200286/items/SIBHEIFC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nsf_grant_lit_review/items/SIBHEIFC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084077, "username": "DullLithics", "name": "Bryan Dull", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dulllithics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Clarkson and Hiscock", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "SIBHEIFC", "version": 8, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Estimating original flake mass from 3D scans of platform area", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chris", "lastName": "Clarkson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Hiscock" } ], "abstractNote": "This study confirms the increased capacity to predict flake mass that arises from more accurately\nmeasuring surface area in three dimensions using a digital scanner. We also reveal the existence of significantly different relationships between platform area and flake mass for flakes with different platform types and ventral and dorsal morphologies. These different relationships between platform\nsurface area and mass have not been previously identified, and reveal the complexity of platform/mass relationships. Using multivariate regression of 3D platform surface area and external platform angle we\nimprove the accuracy of predictions of original flake mass. We propose a method for studying reduction intensity on retouched flakes, based on comparing predictions of the initial mass of the flake with measurements of the mass following retouching to estimate the amount of mass removed through retouching. We name this approach the Initial-/Terminal-Mass Comparison, or ITMC. Our experiments demonstrate that the capacity of the 3D platform scans to predict flake mass, and by implication the capacity of the ITMC to estimate mass loss, rivals or exceeds the capacity demonstrated for existing reduction measures.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Archaeological Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011", "volume": "38", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1062-1068", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jas.2010.12.001", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-08-22T16:08:15Z", "dateModified": "2013-08-22T16:08:15Z" } } ]