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Software production and related information technology services are outsourced to firms offshore or, more specifically, to places where labor skills appropriate to these industries are available at lower costs. Notable offshore destinations include: India, Russia, Ireland, Israel, Romania, and Ukraine, among several others. The offshore outsourcing of software production involves complex introductions, reorganizations, and compositions of production chains and management structures in the continuing negotiation of how relations and work processes will be governed across spaces. The author documents the roles of certification—ISO 9000 and CMM—as new governmental forms that shape understandings, perceptions, and strategies for becoming recognized within the offshore. Drawing on field research with over twenty firms in St Petersburg, Russia, the author proposes that certification is an emergent form of governance that embodies specific processes of globalization.", "publicationTitle": "Environment and Planning A", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007-08-01", "volume": "39", "issue": "8", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1889-1907", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Environ Plan A", "DOI": "10.1068/a38159", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://epn.sagepub.com/content/39/8/1889", "accessDate": "2016-02-06T10:40:08Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0308-518X, 1472-3409", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Off and Out", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "epn.sagepub.com.proxy.library.cornell.edu", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-06T10:40:08Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-06T10:40:08Z" } }, { "key": "ZZP96HFT", "version": 2027, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 19988, "name": "MIT Professions Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mit_professions_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/19988/items/ZZP96HFT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mit_professions_review/items/ZZP96HFT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/19988/items/QBZSKDZK", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1199412, "username": "kyle_albert", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kyle_albert", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZZP96HFT", "version": 2027, "parentItem": "QBZSKDZK", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "orsc%2E14%2E2%2E244%2E15160.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "orsc%2E14%2E2%2E244%2E15160.pdf", "md5": "20c7f3c294d8271df72e45548410f998", "mtime": 1454755010230, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-06T10:37:03Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-06T10:37:03Z" } }, { "key": "A7FBKJWG", "version": 2027, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 19988, "name": "MIT Professions Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mit_professions_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/19988/items/A7FBKJWG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mit_professions_review/items/A7FBKJWG", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/19988/items/QBZSKDZK", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1199412, "username": "kyle_albert", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kyle_albert", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "A7FBKJWG", "version": 2027, "parentItem": "QBZSKDZK", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-02-06T10:35:51Z", "url": "http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/orsc.14.2.244.15160", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "orsc.14.2.244.html", "md5": "fbff7c8285558f77d9e4a9049d89e542", "mtime": 1454754952097, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-06T10:35:58Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-06T10:35:58Z" } }, { "key": "QBZSKDZK", "version": 2026, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 19988, "name": "MIT Professions Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mit_professions_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/19988/items/QBZSKDZK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mit_professions_review/items/QBZSKDZK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1199412, "username": "kyle_albert", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kyle_albert", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Higgins and Gulati", "parsedDate": "2003-06-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "QBZSKDZK", "version": 2026, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Getting Off to a Good Start: The Effects of Upper Echelon Affiliations on Underwriter Prestige", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Monica C.", "lastName": "Higgins" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ranjay", "lastName": "Gulati" } ], "abstractNote": "The initial public offering (IPO) is one of the most critical events in the lifetime of a young firm. Prior research has shown that firms tend to have successful IPOs if they go public with the endorsement of a prestigious lead underwriter. This paper examines the antecedents to receiving endorsement by a prestigious underwriter and links this to the experience base of a firm's upper echelon. We theorize that the amount and type of upper echelon experience serve as important symbols of a young firm's legitimacy to critical outsiders. We introduce a typology of upper echelon experience that distinguishes between upper echelon upstream, horizontal, and downstream employment-based affiliations and suggest that these different types of upper echelon affiliations allay different types of endorser concerns regarding firm legitimacy, affecting the endorsement process. Further, we theorize that the relationships between upper echelon experience and investment bank prestige will be moderated by technological uncertainty. We test our assertions on a comprehensive sample of public and private biotechnology firms that were founded between 1961 and 1994 and that went public between 1979 and 1996. Analyses of the five-year career histories of the over 3,200 executives and directors that make up the upper echelons of these firms show that firms with upper echelons with affiliations with prominent downstream organizations (i.e., pharmaceutical and/or healthcare companies) and with prominent horizontal organizations (i.e., biotechnology companies) are more likely to attract the endorsement of a prestigious investment bank. We also find that the greater the range of upper echelon affiliations across the categories of upstream, horizontal, and downstream affiliations, the more prestigious the firm's lead underwriter. We also find that these latter results are moderated by technological uncertainty. The present research has implications for the study of organizational legitimacy, interorganizational endorsements, and entrepreneurship.", "publicationTitle": "Organization Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 1, 2003", "volume": "14", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "244-263", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Organization Science", "DOI": "10.1287/orsc.14.2.244.15160", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/orsc.14.2.244.15160", "accessDate": "2016-02-06T10:35:46Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1047-7039", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Getting Off to a Good Start", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "pubsonline.informs.org (Atypon)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-06T10:35:58Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-06T10:35:58Z" } }, { "key": "5G6HN4GQ", "version": 2027, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 19988, "name": "MIT Professions Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mit_professions_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/19988/items/5G6HN4GQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mit_professions_review/items/5G6HN4GQ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/19988/items/SK2EW7J3", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1199412, "username": "kyle_albert", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kyle_albert", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5G6HN4GQ", "version": 2027, "parentItem": "SK2EW7J3", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "ContentServer (1).pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "ContentServer (1).pdf", "md5": "6e095db531b72ee156d6ff8acbd9ea98", "mtime": 1454754642087, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-06T10:30:53Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-06T10:30:53Z" } }, { "key": "SK2EW7J3", "version": 2026, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 19988, "name": "MIT Professions Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mit_professions_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/19988/items/SK2EW7J3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mit_professions_review/items/SK2EW7J3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1199412, "username": "kyle_albert", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kyle_albert", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rubio-Andrada et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-08", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "SK2EW7J3", "version": 2026, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Motivations and impacts in the firm and stakeholders of quality certification: Evidence from small- and medium-sized service enterprises", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Luis", "lastName": "Rubio-Andrada" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "María", "lastName": "Del Mar Alonso-Almeida" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "José Miguel", "lastName": "Rodríguez-Antón" } ], "abstractNote": "Certified quality systems are progressively being adopted by all types of industries worldwide. This is due to the fact that many business organisations are actively seeking ways in which they can improve the products and services they offer. However, research has tended to focus on large manufacturing enterprises with a relative neglect of issues relating to quality certification among small-and-medium enterprises in the service sector. The present study addresses this relative gap in the literature by analysing the motives for, and impacts of, quality certification among both small- and medium-sized companies in the Spanish hotel industry. The study finds that significant differences exist with regard to quality certification between both size types in the hotel industry and previous studies based on large companies. The results highlight the importance that these enterprises grant to certified quality systems as a strategic tool that can be used in a proactive way to contend with market changes and adverse economic situations. Our findings have important implications for the management of small- and medium-sized enterprises.", "publicationTitle": "Total Quality Management & Business Excellence", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 2011", "volume": "22", "issue": "8", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "833-852", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Total Quality Management & Business Excellence", "DOI": "10.1080/14783363.2011.593858", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=65216304&site=ehost-live", "accessDate": "2016-02-06T10:30:27Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "14783363", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Motivations and impacts in the firm and stakeholders of quality certification", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "CERTIFICATION", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "HOTELS", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "INDUSTRIAL management", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "RESEARCH", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "SERVICE sector", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "SMALL business", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "STAKEHOLDERS", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "TOTAL quality management", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "medium business", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "quality certifications", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "quality impacts", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "quality in hotels", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "quality in services", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "quality motivation", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-06T10:30:27Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-06T10:30:27Z" } }, { "key": "EP5TWKTN", "version": 2027, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 19988, "name": "MIT Professions Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mit_professions_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/19988/items/EP5TWKTN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mit_professions_review/items/EP5TWKTN", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/19988/items/GWPXQFA7", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1199412, "username": "kyle_albert", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kyle_albert", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EP5TWKTN", "version": 2027, "parentItem": "GWPXQFA7", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2016-02-06T10:25:31Z", "url": "http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/26/1/w31.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Berenson et al. - 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"links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kyle_albert", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tolbert et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-11-30", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "PTWQ2J2B", "version": 2026, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Studying Choice and Change: The Intersection of Institutional Theory and Entrepreneurship Research", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pamela S.", "lastName": "Tolbert" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert J.", "lastName": "David" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Wesley D.", "lastName": "Sine" } ], "abstractNote": "Although there are many potential points of intersection between institutional theory and contemporary studies of entrepreneurship, these have generally remained distinct literatures, with the connections left more implicit than explicit. 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