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Design and participants  Two qualitative studies in Scotland. One study used semistructured paired interviews involving 99 16–19-year-old smokers, the other comprised eight focus groups involving 46 15–16-year-old smokers. Measurement  The interviews and focus groups explored the role and meaning of smoking in the participants’ lives, smoking histories and future cessation intentions and how these related to other aspects of their lives, particularly cannabis use. Findings  Cannabis use was regarded as an important and enjoyable aspect of many of the participants’ lives. Importantly, cannabis use and cigarette smoking were linked inextricably. Several reported how smoking joints had been a ‘gateway’ to smoking cigarettes. While most wanted to quit smoking cigarettes, cannabis use reinforced their cigarette smoking and few wanted to stop using cannabis. 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Methods  A comprehensive review of electronic databases was conducted to identify evaluations of substance use disorder related stigma interventions. Studies that met inclusion criteria were synthesized and assessed using systematic review methods. Results  Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the studies was moderately strong. Interventions of three studies (23%) focused on people with substance use disorders (self-stigma), three studies (23%) targeted the general public (social stigma) and seven studies (54%) focused on medical students and other professional groups (structural stigma). Nine interventions (69%) used approaches that included education and/or direct contact with people who have substance use disorders. All but one study indicated their interventions produced positive effects on at least one stigma outcome measure. None of the interventions have been evaluated across different settings or populations. Conclusions  A range of interventions demonstrate promise for achieving meaningful improvements in stigma related to substance use disorders. The limited evidence indicates that self-stigma can be reduced through therapeutic interventions such as group-based acceptance and commitment therapy. Effective strategies for addressing social stigma include motivational interviewing and communicating positive stories of people with substance use disorders. For changing stigma at a structural level, contact-based training and education programs targeting medical students and professionals (e.g. police, counsellors) are effective.", "publicationTitle": "Addiction", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 2012", "volume": "107", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "39-50", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03601.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03601.x/abstract", "accessDate": "2015-03-15T21:07:28Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1360-0443", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The effectiveness of interventions for reducing stigma related to substance use disorders", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2011 The Authors, Addiction © 2011 Society for the Study of Addiction", "extra": "", 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