[ { "key": "TTFNR4JF", "version": 66, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/TTFNR4JF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/TTFNR4JF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gebreslassie et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-03-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TTFNR4JF", "version": 66, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Life cycle optimization for sustainable design and operations of hydrocarbon biorefinery via fast pyrolysis, hydrotreating and hydrocracking", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Berhane H.", "lastName": "Gebreslassie" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Maxim", "lastName": "Slivinsky" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Belinda", "lastName": "Wang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fengqi", "lastName": "You" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper addresses the optimal design and operation of hydrocarbon biorefinery via fast pyrolysis, hydrotreating and hydrocracking of hybrid poplar feedstock under economic and environmental criteria. The hydrocarbon biorefinery encompasses fast pyrolysis for crude bio-oil production, upgrading of the bio-oil through hydrotreating, separation and hydrocracking of long chained hydrocarbons into gasoline and diesel range products, and steam reforming for hydrogen production. We propose a bi-criteria nonlinear programming (NLP) model that seeks to maximize the economic performance measured by the net present value (NPV) and to minimize the environmental impacts. The environmental objective is measured with the global warming potential (GWP) metric according to the life cycle assessment procedures, which covers gate-to-gate environmental impacts of the hydrocarbon biorefinery. The multiobjective NLP model simultaneously determines the production capacity, size of each process units, operational conditions, the flow rates of species and streams at each stage of the process, hydrocarbon biofuel yields, and consumption rate of feedstock, steam, electricity, and natural gas. The bi-criteria NLP model is solved with the ɛ-constraint method, and the resulting Pareto-optimal curve reveals the trade-off between the economic and environmental dimensions of the sustainable hydrocarbon biorefinery. The optimization results reveal that the unit production cost of the hydrocarbon biofuels is $2.31 per gallon of gasoline equivalent (GGE) for the maximum NPV solution and $3.67/GGE for the minimum GWP design. The corresponding greenhouse emission is 8.07 kgCO2-eq/GGE.", "publicationTitle": "Computers & Chemical Engineering", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 5, 2013", "volume": "50", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "71-91", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Computers & Chemical Engineering", "DOI": "10.1016/j.compchemeng.2012.10.013", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0098135412003250", "accessDate": "2014-06-16T16:03:59Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0098-1354", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-16T16:03:59Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-16T16:03:59Z" } }, { "key": "KCIRAWJB", "version": 61, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/KCIRAWJB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/KCIRAWJB", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/NPPMEJ43", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "KCIRAWJB", "version": 61, "parentItem": "NPPMEJ43", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-10-04T15:06:50Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010218011001295#", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0010218011001295.html", "md5": "815b98ac51355c47086b77f69569772c", "mtime": 1380899209000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-04T15:06:50Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-04T15:06:50Z" } }, { "key": "NPPMEJ43", "version": 60, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/NPPMEJ43", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/NPPMEJ43", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Garner and Brezinsky", "parsedDate": "2011-12", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "NPPMEJ43", "version": 60, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Biologically derived diesel fuel and NO formation: An experimental and chemical kinetic study, Part 1", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Garner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K.", "lastName": "Brezinsky" } ], "abstractNote": "Pyrolysis and oxidation experiments have been conducted on two representative biodiesel surrogate components, methyl octanoate (C9:0) and methyl trans-2-octenoate (C9:1), using the UIC High-Pressure Shock Tube (HPST). The nominal experimental pressures ranged from 27 atm to 53 atm and temperatures varied from 900 to 1450 K with nominal reaction times of 1.65 ms. Dilute reagent mixtures of ∼100 ppm of each fuel were prepared in bulk argon and shock heated to study the stable intermediates. The experimental data have been used to develop and validate a kinetic model for the pyrolysis and oxidation of saturated and unsaturated C8 methyl esters. The developed model has also been coupled to an existing NO mechanism to predict prompt NO formation spanning the experimental temperature regime. It has been predicted that an increased amount of NO is formed from the unsaturated methyl ester, methyl trans-2-octenoate (C9:1) compared to the saturated methyl ester, methyl octanoate (C9:0) over the intermediate temperature range of 1050–1450 K.", "publicationTitle": "Combustion and Flame", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 2011", "volume": "158", "issue": "12", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2289-2301", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Combustion and Flame", "DOI": "10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.04.014", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010218011001295", "accessDate": "2013-10-04T15:06:48Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0010-2180", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Biologically derived diesel fuel and NO formation", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "MEH3J9JW" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-04T15:06:48Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-04T15:06:48Z" } }, { "key": "AFEXCAJT", "version": 59, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/AFEXCAJT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/AFEXCAJT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/SAGJVX73", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "AFEXCAJT", "version": 59, "parentItem": "SAGJVX73", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ACS Full Text Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-10-04T15:05:31Z", "url": "http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ie1022628", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "ie1022628.html", "md5": "de192544c7e0ea9902ea5a44d7aaa321", "mtime": 1380899131000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-04T15:05:31Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-04T15:05:31Z" } }, { "key": "SAGJVX73", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/SAGJVX73", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/SAGJVX73", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Esarte et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-04-20", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "SAGJVX73", "version": 58, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Pyrolysis of Ethanol: Gas and Soot Products Formed", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Claudia", "lastName": "Esarte" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "María", "lastName": "Peg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "María P.", "lastName": "Ruiz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ángela", "lastName": "Millera" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rafael", "lastName": "Bilbao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "María U.", "lastName": "Alzueta" } ], "abstractNote": "Ethanol may be used in diesel?ethanol mixtures in order to decrease soot emissions. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the contribution of ethanol to soot formation. The influence of the temperature on the pyrolysis of ethanol under sooting conditions has been studied. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out in a quartz reactor in the 700?1200 °C temperature range, for an inlet C2H5OH concentration of 50?000 ppm and a gas residence time in seconds of 1706/(T/K) . The concentrations of the gases analyzed in the experiments are shown in this work together with simulations carried out with a literature kinetic model. Theoretical and experimental results present, generally, a good agreement in spite of the model not taking into account the soot formation. Under the studied conditions, soot formation has been observed above 1050 °C. With the soot samples obtained, a study of their reactivity toward O2 and NO has been carried out, and several characterization techniques, such as elemental analysis, Brunauer?Emmett?Teller (BET) surface area, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction have been used to study the structural properties of the collected soot samples and relate them to their reactivity. It has been observed that the soot samples formed at higher temperatures exhibit a lower reactivity toward O2 and NO, and the characterization analyses support these results.", "publicationTitle": "Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 20, 2011", "volume": "50", "issue": "8", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "4412-4419", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.", "DOI": "10.1021/ie1022628", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie1022628", "accessDate": "2013-10-04T15:05:29Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0888-5885", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Pyrolysis of Ethanol", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACS Publications", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "MEH3J9JW" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-04T15:05:29Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-04T15:05:29Z" } }, { "key": "Z6X9JNEZ", "version": 57, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/Z6X9JNEZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/Z6X9JNEZ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/BBXNNQ9A", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "Z6X9JNEZ", "version": 57, "parentItem": "BBXNNQ9A", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-10-04T15:03:56Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032111005727#", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S1364032111005727.html", "md5": "1337c73ea0464349fab00bb2cac0582b", "mtime": 1380899035000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-04T15:03:56Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-04T15:03:56Z" } }, { "key": "BBXNNQ9A", "version": 56, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/BBXNNQ9A", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/BBXNNQ9A", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Komninos and Rakopoulos", "parsedDate": "2012-04", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "BBXNNQ9A", "version": 56, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Modeling HCCI combustion of biofuels: A review", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N.P.", "lastName": "Komninos" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.D.", "lastName": "Rakopoulos" } ], "abstractNote": "The ever increasing energy demands coupled with the limited availability of fossil fuels and the detrimental environmental effects resulting from their use, has guided research toward seeking alternative fuels to gradually substitute conventional ones. Among these, biofuels have received increasing attention due to their attractive features of being renewable in nature and reducing the net CO2 emissions. Biofuels have been used in conventional diesel and gasoline engines either as neat fuels or as supplements.\n\nFortunately, a relatively new combustion concept for internal combustion engines, namely homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion, has been evolved in parallel to the biofuel research. HCCI combustion seems to be able to take advantage of the diverse properties of biofuels, since in this combustion mode ignition is not externally instigated, but relies on the compression and subsequent autoignition of a fuel–air mixture. This fact allows the utilization of different fuels or blends thereof, in order to regulate the ignition point and provide adequate operation under diverse operating conditions.\n\nThis study provides an overview of existing simulation models for the simulation of biofueled HCCI combustion. Simulation models aid and supplement the experimental research conducted on HCCI combustion, providing a fundamental insight into the physicochemical parameters affecting performance and emissions formation. The simulation models include single-zone models, multi-zone models, probability based models, and multi-dimensional models in order of complexity. The vast majority of these models implement chemical kinetics to simulate the combustion process, not only due to the inherent dependence of HCCI combustion on the physicochemical properties of the fuel, but also due to the sometimes complex chemical structure of the biofuels, which include esters, ethers and alcohols. The reaction paths for these homologous series are quite different from the conventional hydrocarbons used to simulate conventional fuels, and provide the ground for current and future research work.", "publicationTitle": "Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 2012", "volume": "16", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1588-1610", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews", "DOI": "10.1016/j.rser.2011.11.026", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032111005727", "accessDate": "2013-10-04T15:03:54Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1364-0321", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Modeling HCCI combustion of biofuels", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "MEH3J9JW" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-04T15:03:54Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-04T15:03:54Z" } }, { "key": "5JKGM5CQ", "version": 55, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/5JKGM5CQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/5JKGM5CQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ingenito et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-07-30", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "5JKGM5CQ", "version": 55, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "A Comparative Study of Combustion between Biofuels and Fossil Fuels", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Antonella", "lastName": "Ingenito" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Roberto", "lastName": "Andriani" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Antonio", "lastName": "Agresta" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fausto", "lastName": "Gamma" } ], "abstractNote": "We will have to get the full text of this article through interlibrary loan. Let me know if you would like me to do that.", "proceedingsTitle": "", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics", "place": "", "date": "2012-07-30", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.2514/6.2012-4054", "ISBN": "978-1-62410-190-8", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.2012-4054", "accessDate": "2013-10-04T14:59:54Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "MEH3J9JW" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-04T14:59:54Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-04T15:01:25Z" } }, { "key": "FMNJT8T8", "version": 54, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/FMNJT8T8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/FMNJT8T8", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/5JKGM5CQ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "FMNJT8T8", "version": 54, "parentItem": "5JKGM5CQ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "A Comparative Study of Combustion between Biofuels and Fossil Fuels (AIAA)", "accessDate": "2013-10-04T15:00:00Z", "url": "http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.2012-4054", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "6.html", "md5": "2587b058c0e726a88948b1d66d7f0fd7", "mtime": 1380898800000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-04T15:00:00Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-04T15:00:00Z" } }, { "key": "UGXMP29T", "version": 52, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/UGXMP29T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/UGXMP29T", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/VBSS2M3V", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "UGXMP29T", "version": 52, "parentItem": "VBSS2M3V", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "MetaPress Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-10-04T14:59:07Z", "url": "http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/cpe.2011.32.issue-4/v10176-011-0034-2/v10176-011-0034-2.xml", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "v10176-011-0034-2.html", "md5": "746af88a843cb6bd31e2f734eb8f5336", "mtime": 1380898748000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-04T14:59:07Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-04T14:59:07Z" } }, { "key": "VBSS2M3V", "version": 51, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/VBSS2M3V", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/VBSS2M3V", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Magdziarz et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-12-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "VBSS2M3V", "version": 51, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Modelling of pollutants concentrations from the biomass combustion process", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aneta", "lastName": "Magdziarz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Małgorzata", "lastName": "Wilk" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Monika", "lastName": "Zajemska" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper presents possibilities for of numerical modelling of biomass combustion in a commercially available boiler. A sample of biomass was tested with respect to its physical and chemical properties. Thermogravimetry studies of biomass were carried out. Computer simulation makes it possible to analyse complex phenomena which are otherwise difficult to observe. The aim of this work was to model biomass combustion to predict the amount of pollutants generated (NO x , CO, SO 2 ) in the exhaust gases coming out from boilers The calculations were made using the CHEMKIN program. Results of calculations were performed taking into account the influence of temperature, pressure and residence time.", "publicationTitle": "Chemical and Process Engineering", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 1, 2011", "volume": "32", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "423-433", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2478/v10176-011-0034-2", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10176-011-0034-2", "accessDate": "2013-10-04T14:59:03Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "MetaPress", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "MEH3J9JW" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-04T14:59:03Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-04T14:59:03Z" } }, { "key": "RB85JC55", "version": 50, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/RB85JC55", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/RB85JC55", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/4A4528H5", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "RB85JC55", "version": 50, "parentItem": "4A4528H5", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-10-04T14:53:55Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319907006490#", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0360319907006490.html", "md5": "b7e6e00f75115f394fbc7335cba52525", "mtime": 1380898435000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-04T14:53:55Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-04T14:53:55Z" } }, { "key": "4A4528H5", "version": 49, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/4A4528H5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/4A4528H5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Serrano et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "4A4528H5", "version": 49, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Laminar burning behaviour of biomass gasification-derived producer gas", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Serrano" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.J.", "lastName": "Hernández" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Mandilas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.G.W.", "lastName": "Sheppard" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Woolley" } ], "abstractNote": "In the currently reported work, a mixture of H2, CO and N2 (21:24:55 vol%) has been considered as representative of the producer gas coming from gasification of lignocellulosic biomass. Laminar burning velocities have been determined, with simultaneous study of the effects of flame stretch rate and instabilities. Experimentally determined laminar burning velocities derived from schlieren flame images, over a range of equivalence ratios, have been compared with those determined using the CHEMKIN code. Good agreement obtained for 1 bar flames, but significant differences were observed for high pressure cellular flames. Markstein numbers were also derived from the experimental data and corresponding Lewis numbers were calculated. Hydrogen thermo-diffusive effects tended to destabilise lean flames, while the CO content resulted in laminar burning velocity peaking at very high equivalence ratios. The peak burning rate of producer gas proved faster than those of conventional fuels, such as isooctane and methane.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Hydrogen Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 2008", "volume": "33", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "851-862", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "International Journal of Hydrogen Energy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.10.050", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319907006490", "accessDate": "2013-10-04T14:53:53Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0360-3199", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "MEH3J9JW" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-04T14:53:53Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-04T14:53:53Z" } }, { "key": "WE5H2DQG", "version": 48, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/WE5H2DQG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/WE5H2DQG", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/9ZXUBUUD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "WE5H2DQG", "version": 48, "parentItem": "9ZXUBUUD", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-10-04T14:49:35Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010218007002544#", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0010218007002544.html", "md5": "fee78a57c307ce9a2ce28aba7eb90e2e", "mtime": 1380898174000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-04T14:49:35Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-04T14:49:35Z" } }, { "key": "9ZXUBUUD", "version": 47, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/9ZXUBUUD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/9ZXUBUUD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Coda Zabetta and Hupa", "parsedDate": "2008-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "9ZXUBUUD", "version": 47, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A detailed kinetic mechanism including methanol and nitrogen pollutants relevant to the gas-phase combustion and pyrolysis of biomass-derived fuels", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Edgardo", "lastName": "Coda Zabetta" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mikko", "lastName": "Hupa" } ], "abstractNote": "A detailed chemical kinetic mechanism for the simulation of the gas-phase combustion and pyrolysis of biomass-derived fuels was compiled by assembling selected reaction subsets from existing mechanisms (parents). The mechanism, here referred to as “ÅA,” includes reaction subsets for the oxidation of hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), light hydrocarbons (C1 and C2), and methanol (CH3OH). The mechanism also takes into account reaction subsets of nitrogen pollutants, including the reactions relevant to staged combustion, reburning, and selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR). The ÅA mechanism was validated against suitable experimental data from the literature. Overall, the ÅA mechanism gave more accurate predictions than three other mechanisms of reference, although the reference mechanisms performed better occasionally. The predictions from ÅA were also found to be consistent with the predictions of its parent mechanisms within most of their range of validity, thus transferring the validity of the parents to the inheriting mechanism (ÅA). In parametric studies the ÅA mechanism predicted that the effect of methanol on combustion and pollutants is often similar to that of light hydrocarbons, but it also showed that there are important exceptions, thus suggesting that methanol should be taken into account when simulating biomass combustion. To our knowledge, the ÅA mechanism is currently the only mechanism that accounts for the chemistry of methanol and nitrogen relevant to the gas-phase combustion and pyrolysis of biomass-derived fuels.", "publicationTitle": "Combustion and Flame", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 2008", "volume": "152", "issue": "1–2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "14-27", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Combustion and Flame", "DOI": "10.1016/j.combustflame.2007.06.022", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010218007002544", "accessDate": "2013-10-04T14:49:33Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0010-2180", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "MEH3J9JW" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-04T14:49:33Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-04T14:49:33Z" } }, { "key": "KMR9XM4N", "version": 46, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/KMR9XM4N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/KMR9XM4N", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/5FADA6H6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "KMR9XM4N", "version": 46, "parentItem": "5FADA6H6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-10-04T14:42:47Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953407001353", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0961953407001353.html", "md5": "f0a9db0aded687a3ed4750fa8eb84485", "mtime": 1380897766000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-04T14:42:47Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-04T14:42:47Z" } }, { "key": "5FADA6H6", "version": 45, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/5FADA6H6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/5FADA6H6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Pisupati and Bhalla", "parsedDate": "2008-02", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "5FADA6H6", "version": 45, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Numerical modeling of NOx reduction using pyrolysis products from biomass-based materials", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sarma V.", "lastName": "Pisupati" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sumeet", "lastName": "Bhalla" } ], "abstractNote": "Pyrolysis products of biomass (bio-oils) have been shown to cause a reduction in NOx emissions when used as reburn fuel in combustion systems. When these bio-oils are processed with lime, calcium is ion-exchanged and the product is called BioLime™. BioLime™, when introduced into a combustion chamber, causes oils to pyrolyze and reduce NOx emissions through reburn mechanisms while simultaneously causing Ca to react with SO2. Thus NOx and SO2 emissions are reduced at the same time. The devolatilization rates of two biomass-based materials were studied using TGA and were related to the yield of pyrolysis gases and char during flash pyrolysis. Numerical simulations using CHEMKIN to model NO reduction through homogeneous gas phase reactions were reported. The numerical predictions were then compared to NOx emission levels from experiments in a down-fired combustor (DFC) to validate the model. A difference in NO reduction was observed by use of different bio-oils under similar operating conditions. This is believed to be due to the difference in yield of flash pyrolysis products of bio-oils. Also, different pyrolysis gases have different NOx reduction potentials. Knowledge of the relative contribution of pyrolysis gases in NO reduction will help choose a feedstock of biomass that will aid in increasing the yield of the desired species. A parametric analysis was done using the model to study the effect of varying concentrations of hydrocarbons, CO2, CO, and H2, and the results were then verified using a flow reactor. The analysis showed that hydrocarbons were mainly responsible for causing reduction in emissions of NO, whereas CO2, CO, and H2 have very little effect on NO reduction.", "publicationTitle": "Biomass and Bioenergy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 2008", "volume": "32", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "146-154", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Biomass and Bioenergy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.07.010", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953407001353", "accessDate": "2013-10-04T14:42:45Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0961-9534", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "MEH3J9JW" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-04T14:42:45Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-04T14:42:45Z" } }, { "key": "2AWWX28J", "version": 44, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/2AWWX28J", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/2AWWX28J", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/FCQEIMME", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "2AWWX28J", "version": 44, "parentItem": "FCQEIMME", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ACS Full Text Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-10-02T22:01:23Z", "url": "http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ef3019386", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "ef3019386.html", "md5": "f68ec6b613ce97e1022a7ef5e4eab263", "mtime": 1380751283000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-02T22:01:23Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-02T22:01:23Z" } }, { "key": "FCQEIMME", "version": 43, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/FCQEIMME", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/FCQEIMME", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wilson et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-03-21", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "FCQEIMME", "version": 43, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Soot Formation from the Combustion of Biomass Pyrolysis Products and a Hydrocarbon Fuel, n-Decane: An Aerosol Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS) Study", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. M.", "lastName": "Wilson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. T.", "lastName": "Baeza-Romero" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. M.", "lastName": "Jones" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Pourkashanian" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Williams" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. R.", "lastName": "Lea-Langton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. B.", "lastName": "Ross" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K. D.", "lastName": "Bartle" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper is concerned with an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) study of soot formation from the combustion of proxies of biomass (eugenol, furfural) and a hydrocarbon fuel (n-decane). The objective of this work was to gain insight into the soot growth mechanism in the combustion of biomass by studying the combustion of single components of wood (eugenol?lignin model and furfural?cellulose model), and by comparison with soot composition from combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel whose soot-forming mechanism is better known. Liquid fuels were burned using a wick burner, and the products in the aerosol phase were examined using an ATOFMS. The reaction process for n-decane combustion was examined using an opposed flame simulation with Chemkin-Pro modeling. A comparison of the model output with experimental results for n-decane give information on the soot growth mechanism. The same main routes for soot formation were operative both in biomass proxies and in n-decane. The principal differences in the mechanism observed for eugenol and furfural versus n-decane are described. Mass spectral analysis indicated that a channel involving the propargyl radical is more important in furfural combustion than for the rest of the fuels. Eugenol mass spectrometry (MS) indicates the presence of the important HACA (hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition) route, producing large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Moreover, this study gives evidence that not only lignin components contribute to soot formation in biomass combustion, but furfural, which is a cellulosic component, can also contribute, and the soot formation routes involved are different.", "publicationTitle": "Energy & Fuels", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 21, 2013", "volume": "27", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1668-1678", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Fuels", "DOI": "10.1021/ef3019386", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef3019386", "accessDate": "2013-10-02T22:01:21Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0887-0624", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Soot Formation from the Combustion of Biomass Pyrolysis Products and a Hydrocarbon Fuel, n-Decane", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACS Publications", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "MEH3J9JW" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-02T22:01:21Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-02T22:01:21Z" } }, { "key": "XWRGH9XX", "version": 42, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/XWRGH9XX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/XWRGH9XX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/JBNZHN6F", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "XWRGH9XX", "version": 42, "parentItem": "JBNZHN6F", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-10-02T21:44:40Z", "url": "http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijce/2012/898742/", "note": "", "contentType": "application/xhtml+xml", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "898742.html", "md5": "857de1cdf1a7ee3ffcf2ad465adeffad", "mtime": 1380750280000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-02T21:44:40Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-02T21:44:40Z" } }, { "key": "JBNZHN6F", "version": 41, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/JBNZHN6F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/JBNZHN6F", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Yang et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-06-03", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "JBNZHN6F", "version": 41, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Chemical Kinetic Study of Nitrogen Oxides Formation Trends in Biodiesel Combustion", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Junfeng", "lastName": "Yang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Valeri I.", "lastName": "Golovitchev" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pau", "lastName": "Redón Lurbe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. Javier", "lastName": "López Sánchez" } ], "abstractNote": "The use of biodiesel in conventional diesel engines results in increased NO⬚⬚ emissions; this presents a barrier to the widespread use of biodiesel. The origins of this phenomenon were investigated using the chemical kinetics simulation tool: CHEMKIN-2 and the CFD KIVA3V code, which was modified to account for the physical properties of biodiesel and to incorporate semidetailed mechanisms for its combustion and the formation of emissions. Parametric ϕ-T maps and 3D engine simulations were used to assess the impact of using oxygen-containing fuels on the rate of NO formation. It was found that using oxygen-containing fuels allows more O2 molecules to present in the engine cylinder during the combustion of biodiesel, and this may be the cause of the observed increase in NO emissions.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Chemical Engineering", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012/06/03", "volume": "2012", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1155/2012/898742", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijce/2012/898742/abs/", "accessDate": "2013-10-02T21:44:38Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1687-806X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.hindawi.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "MEH3J9JW" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-02T21:44:38Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-02T21:44:38Z" } }, { "key": "TP3Q8QKG", "version": 40, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/TP3Q8QKG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/TP3Q8QKG", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/E6DWQH74", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "TP3Q8QKG", "version": 40, "parentItem": "E6DWQH74", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-10-01T22:03:57Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1003995309601031#", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S1003995309601031.html", "md5": "7fd55e194c6e7ac5a00c980612cf4aaa", "mtime": 1380665037000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-01T22:03:57Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-01T22:03:57Z" } }, { "key": "E6DWQH74", "version": 39, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/E6DWQH74", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/E6DWQH74", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mansha et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-09", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "E6DWQH74", "version": 39, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Prediction and measurement of pollutant emissions in CNG fired internal combustion engine", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Mansha" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.R.", "lastName": "Saleemi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.H.", "lastName": "Javed" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Badar M.", "lastName": "Ghauri" } ], "abstractNote": "Abstract\nIn the present study, the detailed reaction mechanisms were developed and Chemkin 4.1.1 was implemented to predict the formation of pollutant species in compressed natural gas (CNG) fired internal combustion (IC) engine. The proposed mechanisms were developed by coupling the EXGAS (an automatic mechanism generation tool for alkane oxidation) mechanisms with the Leed's NOx mechanism (version 2.0). The simulation results of each proposed mechanism were validated by the experimental measurements for profiles of temperature, pressure and pollutant species (CO, NOx). The rate of production analysis of each mechanism identified the important reactions in each mechanism which contributed to the formation of pollutant species. In spite of some discrepancies, the experimental measurements indicate that Mechanism-IV (consisting of 208 reactions and 78 species) showed closer agreement for each of the predicted profiles of temperature, pressure and pollutant species (CO, NOx).", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 2010", "volume": "19", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "539-547", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry", "DOI": "10.1016/S1003-9953(09)60103-1", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1003995309601031", "accessDate": "2013-10-01T22:03:55Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1003-9953", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "MEH3J9JW" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-01T22:03:55Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-01T22:03:55Z" } }, { "key": "8CT2HIVS", "version": 38, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/8CT2HIVS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/8CT2HIVS", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/Z7EIABD8", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "8CT2HIVS", "version": 38, "parentItem": "Z7EIABD8", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ACS Full Text Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-10-01T22:02:13Z", "url": "http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ef201853k", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "ef201853k.html", "md5": "b2344f1eaa3abc61b8a128ff8d08bb7d", "mtime": 1380664933000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-01T22:02:13Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-01T22:02:13Z" } }, { "key": "Z7EIABD8", "version": 37, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 195352, "name": "bio_emissions", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/195352/items/Z7EIABD8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio_emissions/items/Z7EIABD8", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Monaghan et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-03-15", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "Z7EIABD8", "version": 37, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Detailed Multi-dimensional Study of Pollutant Formation in a Methane Diffusion Flame", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rory F. D.", "lastName": "Monaghan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Råbi", "lastName": "Tahir" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alberto", "lastName": "Cuoci" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gilles", "lastName": "Bourque" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marc", "lastName": "Füri" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert L.", "lastName": "Gordon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tiziano", "lastName": "Faravelli" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alessio", "lastName": "Frassoldati" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Henry J.", "lastName": "Curran" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper describes a method to produce chemical reactor networks (CRNs) consisting of large numbers of perfectly stirred reactors (PSRs) from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to predict pollutant emissions from combustion systems accurately, flexibly, and efficiently using detailed kinetic schemes and the kinetic post-processor (KPP) developed at Politecnico di Milano. Benefits of the method described here include its applicability to a wide range of combustion systems, its ability to predict emissions of a variety of pollutant species, and its speed. CFD and CFD?CRN simulation results of the Sandia D piloted methane?air diffusion round-jet flame are successfully validated against experimental data for axial velocity, mixture fraction, temperature, and speciation, including CO and NO mass fractions. A CRN consisting of a large number of PSRs is found to be required to simulate the system accurately, while ensuring independence of the solution from CRN size. The results of CFD?CRN analysis for a 1114 PSR network are used to study the pathways (thermal, prompt, N2O, and NO2) by which NO and NO2, the constituents of NOx, are formed in the flame. Results of CFD?CRN analysis show that NO is produced in the high-temperature (T > 1850 K) flame brush by a combination of the prompt, N2O, and thermal pathways and in the intermediate-temperature (1000 < T < 1600 K) post-flame region by a reversal of the NO2 pathway. NO is consumed in the fuel-rich (mixture fraction, f > 0.43) region, where a low O atom concentration encourages a reversal of the prompt pathway (i.e., NO reburning), and in low-temperature (T < 1000 K) regions by the NO2 pathway, which oxidizes NO to NO2. Rate of production analysis, performed using CHEMKIN PRO at specified locations throughout the flame, shows that the trends of NO production and consumption observed in these simulations agree with expected and published results. Finally, the study predicts that, of the total NOx produced by the Sandia D flame, 47% is due to the prompt pathway, 32% is due to the N2O pathway, and 21% is due to the thermal pathway. As future steps in this work, the CFD?CRN method will be adapted and used to predict and study emissions from a range of more complex combustion systems.", "publicationTitle": "Energy & Fuels", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 15, 2012", "volume": "26", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1598-1611", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Fuels", "DOI": "10.1021/ef201853k", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef201853k", "accessDate": "2013-10-01T22:02:10Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0887-0624", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACS Publications", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "MEH3J9JW" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-10-01T22:02:10Z", "dateModified": "2013-10-01T22:02:10Z" } } ]