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2015 - The Energy-Water Nexus Spatially-Resolved Analysi.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-10T18:58:46Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-10T18:58:48Z" } }, { "key": "BFNF5NF8", "version": 1257, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 194254, "name": "Wind Vision References", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/BFNF5NF8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references/items/BFNF5NF8", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/8USE7UIZ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 227474, "username": "jmacknick", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmacknick", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "BFNF5NF8", "version": 1257, "parentItem": "8USE7UIZ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-07-10T18:58:46Z", "url": "http://www.mdpi.com/2079-9276/4/3/476", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "476.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-10T18:58:46Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-10T18:58:46Z" } }, { "key": "8USE7UIZ", "version": 1257, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 194254, "name": "Wind Vision References", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/8USE7UIZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references/items/8USE7UIZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 227474, "username": "jmacknick", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmacknick", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kjellsson and Webber", "parsedDate": "2015-06-29", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "8USE7UIZ", "version": 1257, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Energy-Water Nexus: Spatially-Resolved Analysis of the Potential for Desalinating Brackish Groundwater by Use of Solar Energy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jill B.", "lastName": "Kjellsson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael E.", "lastName": "Webber" } ], "abstractNote": "This research looks at coupling desalination with renewable energy sources to create a high-value product (treated water) from two low value resources (brackish groundwater and intermittent solar energy). Desalination of brackish groundwater is already being considered as a potential new water supply in Texas. This research uses Texas as a testbed for spatially-resolved analysis techniques while considering depth to brackish groundwater, water quality, and solar radiation across Texas to determine the locations with the best potential for integrating solar energy with brackish groundwater desalination. The framework presented herein can be useful for policymakers, regional planners, and project developers as they consider where to site desalination facilities coupled with solar photovoltaics. Results suggest that the northwestern region of Texas—with abundant sunshine and groundwater at relatively shallow depths and low salinity in areas with freshwater scarcity—has the highest potential for solar powered desalination. The range in capacity for solar photovoltaic powered reverse osmosis desalination was found to be 1.56 × 10—6 to 2.93 × 10—5 cubic meters of water per second per square meter of solar panel (m3/s/m2).", "publicationTitle": "Resources", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015-06-29", "volume": "4", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "476-489", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.3390/resources4030476", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.mdpi.com/2079-9276/4/3/476", "accessDate": "2015-07-10T18:58:46Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Energy-Water Nexus", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.mdpi.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "GIS", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Photovoltaics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Solar", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "desalination", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "energy-water nexus", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "groundwater", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "solar energy", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "8JTWXSM8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-10T18:58:46Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-10T18:58:46Z" } }, { "key": "A656DV84", "version": 1256, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 194254, "name": "Wind Vision References", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/A656DV84", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references/items/A656DV84", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/GAWFUJCB", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 227474, "username": "jmacknick", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmacknick", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "A656DV84", "version": 1256, "parentItem": "GAWFUJCB", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-07-10T18:57:06Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261914002633/pdfft?md5=e754c39c734ca31caf5613769437b897&pid=1-s2.0-S0306261914002633-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Ghaffour et al. - 2014 - Renewable energy-driven innovative energy-efficien.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-10T18:57:06Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-10T18:57:12Z" } }, { "key": "GAWFUJCB", "version": 1256, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 194254, "name": "Wind Vision References", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/GAWFUJCB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references/items/GAWFUJCB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 227474, "username": "jmacknick", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmacknick", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ghaffour et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-12-31", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "GAWFUJCB", "version": 1256, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Renewable energy-driven innovative energy-efficient desalination technologies", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Noreddine", "lastName": "Ghaffour" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sabine", "lastName": "Lattemann" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Missimer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kim Choon", "lastName": "Ng" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shahnawaz", "lastName": "Sinha" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gary", "lastName": "Amy" } ], "abstractNote": "Globally, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) desalinates the largest capacity of seawater but through energy-intensive thermal processes such as multi-stage flash (MSF) distillation (>10 kW h per m3 of desalinated water, including electrical and thermal energies). In other regions where fossil energy is more expensive and not subsidized, seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) is the most common desalination technology but it is still energy-intensive (3–4 kW h_e/m3). Both processes therefore lead to the emission of significant amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Moreover, MSF and SWRO technologies are most often used for large desalination facilities serving urban centers with centralized water distribution systems and power grids. While renewable energy (RE) sources could be used to serve centralized systems in urban centers and thus provide an opportunity to make desalination greener, they are mostly used to serve rural communities off of the grid. In the KSA, solar and geothermal energy are of most relevance in terms of local conditions. Our group is focusing on developing new desalination processes, adsorption desalination (AD) and membrane distillation (MD), which can be driven by waste heat, geothermal or solar energy. A demonstration solar-powered AD facility has been constructed and a life cycle assessment showed that a specific energy consumption of <1.5 kW h_e/m3 is possible. An innovative hybrid approach has also been explored which would combine solar and geothermal energy using an alternating 12-h cycle to reduce the probability of depleting the heat source within the geothermal reservoir and provide the most effective use of RE without the need for energy storage. This paper highlights the use of RE for desalination in KSA with a focus on our group’s contribution in developing innovative low energy-driven desalination technologies.", "publicationTitle": "Applied Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 31, 2014", "volume": "136", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1155-1165", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Applied Energy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.03.033", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261914002633", "accessDate": "2015-07-10T18:57:06Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0306-2619", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Combined systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Environment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Geothermal and wind energies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Innovative desalination technologies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Saudi Arabia (KSA)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Solar", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "8JTWXSM8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-10T18:57:06Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-10T18:57:06Z" } }, { "key": "VNPA8K7Z", "version": 1256, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 194254, "name": "Wind Vision References", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/VNPA8K7Z", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references/items/VNPA8K7Z", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/GAWFUJCB", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 227474, "username": "jmacknick", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmacknick", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "VNPA8K7Z", "version": 1256, "parentItem": "GAWFUJCB", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-07-10T18:57:06Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261914002633", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0306261914002633.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-10T18:57:06Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-10T18:57:06Z" } }, { "key": "I62ITCDP", "version": 1255, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 194254, "name": "Wind Vision References", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/I62ITCDP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references/items/I62ITCDP", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/V3ZZ6SAD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 227474, "username": "jmacknick", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmacknick", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "I62ITCDP", "version": 1255, "parentItem": "V3ZZ6SAD", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-07-10T18:53:59Z", "url": "http://www.mdpi.com/2079-9276/4/2/227/pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Gold and Webber - 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First, a water treatment was developed to estimate the power requirement for brackish groundwater reverse-osmosis (BWRO) desalination. Next, an energy model was designed to (1) size a wind farm based on this power requirement and (2) size a solar farm to preheat water before reverse osmosis treatment. Finally, an integrated model was developed that combines results from the water treatment and energy models. The integrated model optimizes performances of the proposed facility to maximize daily operational profits. Results indicate that integrated facility can reduce grid-purchased electricity costs by 88% during summer months and 89% during winter when compared to a stand-alone desalination plant. Additionally, the model suggests that the integrated configuration can generate $574 during summer and $252 during winter from sales of wind- and solar-generated electricity to supplement revenue from water production. These results indicate that an integrated facility combining desalination, wind power, and solar power can potentially reduce reliance on grid-purchased electricity and advance the use of renewable power.", "publicationTitle": "Resources", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015-04-27", "volume": "4", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "227-276", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.3390/resources4020227", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.mdpi.com/2079-9276/4/2/227", "accessDate": "2015-07-10T18:53:59Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Energy-Water Nexus", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.mdpi.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Sustainability", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "desalination", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "water-energy nexus", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "8JTWXSM8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-10T18:53:59Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-10T18:53:59Z" } }, { "key": "AZRIW9DT", "version": 1255, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 194254, "name": "Wind Vision References", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/AZRIW9DT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references/items/AZRIW9DT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/KD6VGUZT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 227474, "username": "jmacknick", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmacknick", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "AZRIW9DT", "version": 1255, "parentItem": "KD6VGUZT", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-07-10T18:53:57Z", "url": "http://www.mdpi.com/2079-9276/4/2/227", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "227.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-10T18:53:57Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-10T18:53:57Z" } }, { "key": "KD6VGUZT", "version": 1255, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 194254, "name": "Wind Vision References", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/KD6VGUZT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references/items/KD6VGUZT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 227474, "username": "jmacknick", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmacknick", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gold and Webber", "parsedDate": "2015-04-27", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "KD6VGUZT", "version": 1255, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Energy-Water Nexus: An Analysis and Comparison of Various Configurations Integrating Desalination with Renewable Power", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gary M.", "lastName": "Gold" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael E.", "lastName": "Webber" } ], "abstractNote": "This investigation studies desalination powered by wind and solar energy, including a study of a configuration using PVT solar panels. First, a water treatment was developed to estimate the power requirement for brackish groundwater reverse-osmosis (BWRO) desalination. Next, an energy model was designed to (1) size a wind farm based on this power requirement and (2) size a solar farm to preheat water before reverse osmosis treatment. Finally, an integrated model was developed that combines results from the water treatment and energy models. The integrated model optimizes performances of the proposed facility to maximize daily operational profits. Results indicate that integrated facility can reduce grid-purchased electricity costs by 88% during summer months and 89% during winter when compared to a stand-alone desalination plant. Additionally, the model suggests that the integrated configuration can generate $574 during summer and $252 during winter from sales of wind- and solar-generated electricity to supplement revenue from water production. These results indicate that an integrated facility combining desalination, wind power, and solar power can potentially reduce reliance on grid-purchased electricity and advance the use of renewable power.", "publicationTitle": "Resources", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015-04-27", "volume": "4", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "227-276", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.3390/resources4020227", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.mdpi.com/2079-9276/4/2/227", "accessDate": "2015-07-10T18:53:57Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Energy-Water Nexus", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.mdpi.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Sustainability", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "desalination", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "water-energy nexus", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "8JTWXSM8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-10T18:53:57Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-10T18:53:57Z" } }, { "key": "A6WEXJEX", "version": 1253, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 194254, "name": "Wind Vision References", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/A6WEXJEX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references/items/A6WEXJEX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/MPMBQ7HQ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 227474, "username": "jmacknick", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmacknick", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "A6WEXJEX", "version": 1253, "parentItem": "MPMBQ7HQ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-07-10T18:49:17Z", "url": "http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/9/6/064009/pdf/1748-9326_9_6_064009.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Tidwell et al. - 2014 - Mapping water availability, projected use and cost.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-10T18:49:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-10T18:49:31Z" } }, { "key": "MPMBQ7HQ", "version": 1253, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 194254, "name": "Wind Vision References", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/MPMBQ7HQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references/items/MPMBQ7HQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 227474, "username": "jmacknick", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmacknick", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tidwell et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-05-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "MPMBQ7HQ", "version": 1253, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Mapping water availability, projected use and cost in the western United States", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vincent C.", "lastName": "Tidwell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Barbara D.", "lastName": "Moreland" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Katie M.", "lastName": "Zemlick" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Barry L.", "lastName": "Roberts" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Howard D.", "lastName": "Passell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel", "lastName": "Jensen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christopher", "lastName": "Forsgren" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gerald", "lastName": "Sehlke" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Margaret A.", "lastName": "Cook" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Carey W.", "lastName": "King" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sara", "lastName": "Larsen" } ], "abstractNote": "New demands for water can be satisfied through a variety of source options. In some basins surface and/or groundwater may be available through permitting with the state water management agency (termed unappropriated water), alternatively water might be purchased and transferred out of its current use to another (termed appropriated water), or non-traditional water sources can be captured and treated (e.g., wastewater). The relative availability and cost of each source are key factors in the development decision. Unfortunately, these measures are location dependent with no consistent or comparable set of data available for evaluating competing water sources. With the help of western water managers, water availability was mapped for over 1200 watersheds throughout the western US. Five water sources were individually examined, including unappropriated surface water, unappropriated groundwater, appropriated water, municipal wastewater and brackish groundwater. Also mapped was projected change in consumptive water use from 2010 to 2030. Associated costs to acquire, convey and treat the water, as necessary, for each of the five sources were estimated. These metrics were developed to support regional water planning and policy analysis with initial application to electric transmission planning in the western US.", "publicationTitle": "Environmental Research Letters", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014-05-01", "volume": "9", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "064009", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Environ. Res. 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Expected future population changes will, in many countries as well as globally, increase the pressure on available water resources. On the supply side, renewable water resources will be affected by projected changes in precipitation patterns, temperature, and other climate variables. Here we use a large ensemble of global hydrological models (GHMs) forced by five global climate models and the latest greenhouse-gas concentration scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways) to synthesize the current knowledge about climate change impacts on water resources. We show that climate change is likely to exacerbate regional and global water scarcity considerably. In particular, the ensemble average projects that a global warming of 2 °C above present (approximately 2.7 °C above preindustrial) will confront an additional approximate 15% of the global population with a severe decrease in water resources and will increase the number of people living under absolute water scarcity (<500 m3 per capita per year) by another 40% (according to some models, more than 100%) compared with the effect of population growth alone. For some indicators of moderate impacts, the steepest increase is seen between the present day and 2 °C, whereas indicators of very severe impacts increase unabated beyond 2 °C. At the same time, the study highlights large uncertainties associated with these estimates, with both global climate models and GHMs contributing to the spread. GHM uncertainty is particularly dominant in many regions affected by declining water resources, suggesting a high potential for improved water resource projections through hydrological model development.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "03/04/2014", "volume": "111", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "3245-3250", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PNAS", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.1222460110", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/111/9/3245", "accessDate": "2015-07-10T18:38:45Z", "PMID": "24344289", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0027-8424, 1091-6490", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.pnas.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "climate impacts", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "hydrological modeling", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "8JTWXSM8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-10T18:38:45Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-10T18:38:45Z" } }, { "key": "98CKJSZK", "version": 1251, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 194254, "name": "Wind Vision References", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/98CKJSZK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references/items/98CKJSZK", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/MG2DZIZK", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 227474, "username": "jmacknick", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmacknick", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "98CKJSZK", "version": 1251, "parentItem": "MG2DZIZK", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-07-10T18:38:45Z", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/111/9/3245.full", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "3245.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-10T18:38:45Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-10T18:38:45Z" } }, { "key": "MVG53VSG", "version": 1251, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 194254, "name": "Wind Vision References", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/MVG53VSG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references/items/MVG53VSG", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/MG2DZIZK", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 227474, "username": "jmacknick", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmacknick", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "MVG53VSG", "version": 1251, "parentItem": "MG2DZIZK", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-07-10T18:38:45Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24344289", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-10T18:38:45Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-10T18:38:45Z" } }, { "key": "RCZGDUDZ", "version": 1251, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 194254, "name": "Wind Vision References", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/RCZGDUDZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_vision_references/items/RCZGDUDZ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/194254/items/FZESBCVD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 227474, "username": "jmacknick", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmacknick", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RCZGDUDZ", "version": 1251, "parentItem": "FZESBCVD", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-07-10T18:38:14Z", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/111/9/3245.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Schewe et al. - 2014 - Multimodel assessment of water scarcity under clim.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-10T18:38:14Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-10T18:38:30Z" } } ]