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                    "firstName": "Kathleen J",
                    "lastName": "Yost"
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            "abstractNote": "OBJECTIVES: To confirm the association of health literacy scores as measured by Health Literacy Assessment Using Talking Touchscreen Technology (Health LiTT) with cognitive ability and education. To determine whether this association differs by cognitive task.\nMETHODS: Cognitive impairment was measured using the Mini-Cog, which combines a delayed word recall task (WRT) and a clock drawing task (CDT) to yield an overall classification of normal versus cognitively impaired. Participants were recruited from primary care clinics that provide care to underserved patients.\nRESULTS: Participants (n=574) were predominantly non-Hispanic black (67%) with a mean age of 46 years, 50% did not have health insurance, 56% had a high school education or less and 21% screened positive for cognitive impairment. Overall cognitive ability and education were significantly associated with health literacy after adjusting for other variables, including race/ethnicity and physical health. We observed a stronger association between the CDT and health literacy than between the WRT and health literacy.\nCONCLUSION: By confirming hypothesized associations, this study provides additional support of the validity of Health LiTT.\nPRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Health LiTT is a reliable and valid tool that researchers and clinicians can use to identify individuals who might have difficulty understanding health information.",
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                    "lastName": "Schumacher"
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                    "lastName": "Doyle"
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            "abstractNote": "Best practice communication between healthcare professionals and patients involves using quality patient information leaflets (PILs). We assessed medical and physiotherapy students' (N = 337) ability to appraise the readability, psychology theory content and quality of nine international smoking PILs. Flesch scores ranged from 52.8-79.7% (fairly difficult to fairly easy). Students identified components of the Health Belief Model (84-98%), Theory of Planned Behaviour (65-88%) and Transtheoretical Model (37-86%). Importantly, student-proposed additional theory-based content had no detrimental effect on readability scores. Overall quality scores indicated low-moderate quality. This assignment helped students critically evaluate the utility of PILs for communication.",
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            "title": "Associations between health literacy and established predictors of smoking cessation",
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            "creatorSummary": "Wolf et al.",
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            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Literacy, cognitive function, and health: results of the LitCog study",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Michael S",
                    "lastName": "Wolf"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Laura M",
                    "lastName": "Curtis"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Elizabeth A H",
                    "lastName": "Wilson"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "William",
                    "lastName": "Revelle"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Katherine R",
                    "lastName": "Waite"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Samuel G",
                    "lastName": "Smith"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Sandra",
                    "lastName": "Weintraub"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Beth",
                    "lastName": "Borosh"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "David N",
                    "lastName": "Rapp"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Denise C",
                    "lastName": "Park"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Ian C",
                    "lastName": "Deary"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "David W",
                    "lastName": "Baker"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence suggests the relationship between health literacy and health outcomes could be explained by cognitive abilities.\nOBJECTIVE: To investigate to what degree cognitive skills explain associations between health literacy, performance on common health tasks, and functional health status.\nDESIGN: Two face-to-face, structured interviews spaced a week apart with three health literacy assessments and a comprehensive cognitive battery measuring 'fluid' abilities necessary to learn and apply new information, and 'crystallized' abilities such as background knowledge.\nSETTING: An academic general internal medicine practice and three federally qualified health centers in Chicago, Illinois.\nPATIENTS: Eight hundred and eighty-two English-speaking adults ages 55 to 74.\nMEASUREMENTS: Health literacy was measured using the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM), Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA), and Newest Vital Sign (NVS). Performance on common health tasks were globally assessed and categorized as 1) comprehending print information, 2) recalling spoken information, 3) recalling multimedia information, 4) dosing and organizing medication, and 5) healthcare problem-solving.\nRESULTS: Health literacy measures were strongly correlated with fluid and crystallized cognitive abilities (range: r=0.57 to 0.77, all p<0.001). Lower health literacy and weaker fluid and crystallized abilities were associated with poorer performance on healthcare tasks. In multivariable analyses, the association between health literacy and task performance was substantially reduced once fluid and crystallized cognitive abilities were entered into models (without cognitive abilities: β= -28.9, 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) -31.4 to -26.4, p; with cognitive abilities: β= -8.5, 95 % CI -10.9 to -6.0).\nLIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional analyses, English-speaking, older adults only.\nCONCLUSIONS: The most common measures used in health literacy studies are detecting individual differences in cognitive abilities, which may predict one's capacity to engage in self-care and achieve desirable health outcomes. Future interventions should respond to all of the cognitive demands patients face in managing health, beyond reading and numeracy.",
            "publicationTitle": "Journal of general internal medicine",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "Oct 2012",
            "volume": "27",
            "issue": "10",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "1300-1307",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "J Gen Intern Med",
            "DOI": "10.1007/s11606-012-2079-4",
            "citationKey": "",
            "url": "",
            "accessDate": "",
            "PMID": "",
            "PMCID": "",
            "ISSN": "1525-1497",
            "archive": "",
            "archiveLocation": "",
            "shortTitle": "Literacy, cognitive function, and health",
            "language": "eng",
            "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed",
            "callNumber": "",
            "rights": "",
            "extra": "PMID: 22566171",
            "tags": [
                {
                    "tag": "Aged",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Cognition",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Cross-Sectional Studies",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Female",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Health Literacy",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Health Status",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Humans",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Male",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Middle Aged",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Self Care",
                    "type": 1
                }
            ],
            "collections": [],
            "relations": {},
            "dateAdded": "2013-07-25T17:45:35Z",
            "dateModified": "2013-07-25T17:45:35Z"
        }
    }
]