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            "title": "Counting the Dead: Traditions of Enumeration and the Italian Wars",
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            "abstractNote": "Methods for counting war deaths developed alongside structural changes in the ways that states enumerated mortality (for both fighters and citizens) between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. This paper argues that an alternative way to interpret observers' comments on the magnitude and novelty of war damages during the Italian Wars (1494-1559) is to trace the history of enumerating mortality from the fourteenth century, using the Hundred Years' War and the Black Death as departure points. Military heralds counted dead soldiers in Northern Europe and civic record keepers registered public mortality in Italy. Numbers carried cultural value. In war, disputants and observers used numbers rhetorically to argue political cases and to emphasize the scale of victories and defeats. By 1500, the proliferation of specific mortality numbers in public discourse--amplified by printed war reporting--forced observers to reckon with their meaning. The article concludes by illustrating how numbers entered memorial culture: monuments from the Italian Wars featured numbers as an index of the perceived magnitude of war in the sixteenth century.",
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            "abstractNote": "The plagues that ravaged Milan and Nonantola, Italy, followed a unique path. Plague victims within the same households succumbed in quick succession, often dying on the same day. No other illness resulted in such high percentages of death within individual households. The transmission of the plagues shared with influenza brief periods of incubation and infection.",
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            "abstractNote": "Storytellers, chroniclers, poets, propagandists, playwrights, novelists and screenwriters have all drawn freely from history's limitless supply of characters, events and context, and in recent years the demand for historical fiction has soared. While historians should welcome the increasing popularity of the past, they are right to be concerned that the public's appetite is being both stimulated and satisfied overwhelmingly by writers whose loyalty is to the medium and the story rather than the truth. However, fiction need not always be seen as antithetical to history and this article explores a number of ways in which the use of style, imagination and straightforward invention of the type employed by the creators of fiction might assist in the writing of history: not merely by making it more attractive and accessible to a wider audience but by advancing knowledge and understanding of the past.",
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            "date": "October 2013",
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            "abstractNote": "The 'Elements,' compiled by Euclid and transmitted to Alexandria in 300 BC was the fruit of the Greek mathematical revolution of 430-370 BC and, as such, became the core and foundation of Hellenistic science as well as Western scientific tradition up to the 17th century. The article is a brief survey of its encounters with five civilizations - Greco-Roman, Chinese, Islamic, medieval Europe, and early modern Europe - particularly its reception by these civilizations and the history of its translation into Latin, Arabic, modern European languages, and Chinese. The Romans never attempted to translate the 'Elements' into Latin until Boethius (480-524), who made a major effort but did not seem to have completed the task. The Chinese translation by Xu Guangqi and Matteo Ricci in 1607 did gain considerable attention and indeed started an initial wave of interest in Western studies in China. Yet, contrary to Joseph Needham's assertion, in the end this encounter only led to a revival of traditional mathematics, while modern developments were not realized until the early 20th century. On the other hand, Arabs and medieval Europeans did make serious and repeated translations of the 'Elements' into Arabic and Latin, respectively. These efforts then blossomed into massive translation movements that in turn triggered important scientific movements. Although medieval science was stultified by Aristotelianism and then cut short by the Hundred Years' War and the Black Death, a second revival in Greek (especially Platonic) studies and mathematics during the 15th and 16th centuries eventually brought about the 17th-century scientific revolution. The translation of the 'Elements' figured prominently throughout this revival and was important even for Isaac Newton and his 'Principia.' The radically different fate of the 'Elements' in different civilizations resulted from cultural attitudes arising from self-perception, that is, the Arabs and medieval Europeans were conscious of their relative inferiority vis-à-vis the Greek and Islamic civilizations, respectively, while the Romans and Chinese were self-assured and supremely confident in their own culture.",
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            "pages": "613-614",
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            "title": "Pandemics: waves of disease, waves of hate from the Plague of Athens to A.I.D.S.* Pandemics: waves of disease, waves of hate from the Plague of Athens to A.I.D.S",
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                    "firstName": "Samuel K.",
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            "abstractNote": "This article briefly surveys the history of pandemics in the West, contesting long-held assumptions that epidemics sparked hatred and blame of the 'Other', and that it was worse when diseases were mysterious as to their causes and cures. The article finds that blame and hate were rarely connected with pandemics in history. In antiquity, epidemics more often brought societies together rather than dividing them as continued to happen with some diseases such as influenza in modernity. On the other hand, some diseases such as cholera were more regularly blamed than others and triggered violence even after their agents and mechanisms of transmission had become well known.",
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            "dateAdded": "2018-01-24T17:56:15Z",
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]