[ { "key": "2SKTM49D", "version": 26, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 174028, "name": "wind forecasting", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_forecasting", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/174028/items/2SKTM49D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_forecasting/items/2SKTM49D", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Orlando et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2SKTM49D", "version": 26, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Experimental study of the effect of tower shadow on anemometer readings", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephen", "lastName": "Orlando" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Adam", "lastName": "Bale" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David A.", "lastName": "Johnson" } ], "abstractNote": "Meteorological (met) tower measurements are the industry standard for wind resource assessment for wind farm siting. Towers have many potential geometries such as lattice towers but this study concentrated on solid cylindrical towers. Horizontal booms were used to hold cup anemometers at defined distances from the tower. Anemometers are subjected to winds from all directions. At times, the anemometers are located in the wake of the tower or “shadow” and therefore yield measurements which are under-representative of the true wind speed. Relying on a single anemometer at any given elevation can result in significant discrepancies between the measured and actual wind conditions. This experiment investigated the effects of tower “shadowing” on cup anemometer wind speed readings in the wake of common met tower geometries. The objective of this study was to quantify the decrease in measured wind speed with varying wind direction experimentally using full-scale wind facility testing. The results indicate a significant wind speed deficit up to 35% velocity reduction when the anemometer is located in the wake of the tower. The width of the affected area and the magnitude of the effect are functions of wind speed. Additionally, the effect is not greatest when the centreline of the anemometer is directly inline with the centreline of the tower, but rather when the anemometer is located approximately 2 ∘ – 5 ∘ from the centerline due to the geometry of the cup anemometer.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 2011", "volume": "99", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-6", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jweia.2010.10.002", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167610510001017", "accessDate": "2013-06-07T20:55:19Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0167-6105", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-06-07T20:55:19Z", "dateModified": "2013-06-07T20:55:19Z" } }, { "key": "WFIN3GN9", "version": 25, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 174028, "name": "wind forecasting", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_forecasting", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/174028/items/WFIN3GN9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_forecasting/items/WFIN3GN9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wharton and Lundquist", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WFIN3GN9", "version": 25, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Assessing atmospheric stability and its impacts on rotor-disk wind characteristics at an onshore wind farm", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sonia", "lastName": "Wharton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Julie K.", "lastName": "Lundquist" } ], "abstractNote": "As the average hub height and blade diameter of new wind turbine installations continue to increase, turbines typically encounter higher wind speeds, which enable them to extract large amounts of energy, but they also face challenges due to the complex nature of wind flow and turbulence in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Wind speed and turbulence can vary greatly across a turbine's rotor disk; this variability is partially due to whether the PBL is stable, neutral or convective. To assess the influence of stability on these wind characteristics, we utilize a unique data set including observations from two meteorological towers, a surface flux tower and high-resolution remote-sensing sound detection and ranging (SODAR) instrument. We compare several approaches to defining atmospheric stability to the Obukhov length (L). Typical wind farm observations only allow for the calculation of a wind shear exponent (α) or horizontal turbulence intensity (IU) from cup anemometers, whereas SODAR gives measurements at multiple heights in the rotor disk of turbulence intensity (I) in the latitudinal (Iu), longitudinal (Iv) and vertical (Iw) directions and turbulence kinetic energy (TKE). Two methods for calculating horizontal Ifrom SODAR data are discussed. SODAR stability parameters are in high agreement with the more physically robust L,with TKE exhibiting the best agreement, and show promise for accurate characterizations of stability. Vertical profiles of wind speed and turbulence, which likely affect turbine power performance, are highly correlated with stability regime. At this wind farm, disregarding stability leads to over-assessments of the wind resource during convective conditions and under-assessments during stable conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "publicationTitle": "Wind Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "15", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "525–546", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1002/we.483", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/we.483/abstract", "accessDate": "2013-06-07T20:46:48Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1099-1824", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-06-07T20:46:48Z", "dateModified": "2013-06-07T20:46:48Z" } }, { "key": "2B26HBIX", "version": 23, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 174028, "name": "wind forecasting", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_forecasting", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/174028/items/2B26HBIX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_forecasting/items/2B26HBIX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fox", "parsedDate": "2011-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2B26HBIX", "version": 23, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A tall tower study of Missouri winds", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Neil I.", "lastName": "Fox" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper summarizes the results of a study of wind speeds observed at heights up to 150 m above ground level around Missouri. This is an amalgamation of four projects that allowed a total of eleven tall communication towers to be instrumented with wind observation equipment across the State of Missouri. This provided an assessment of the wind resource and the characteristics of the seasonal and diurnal cycles of wind in different areas of Missouri at the heights of utility scale wind turbines. Comparisons were also made to wind speeds predicted at these levels from a previously published wind map. The main finding was that the observed winds at each tower were smaller than those presented in the wind map. The discrepancy is most likely to be due to underestimation of the surface roughness and turbulence leading to an overestimation of near-surface wind shear. However, the wind shear, as expressed by the shear parameter was consistently greater than the ‘standard’ value of 1.4. The reconciliation of these two apparently contradictory findings is that the shear varies with the height at which it is measured. In wind resource assessment, wind shear is usually observed below 50 m and is tacitly assumed to be constant with height when used to extrapolate winds to higher levels. The author advocates the use of the friction velocity as a measure of shear in wind power applications in preference to the shear parameter that is usually used. This is because the shear parameter has a velocity bias that can also manifest as a bias with height or season. As wind power resource assessment is starting to use taller towers than the standard 50 m, intercomparison of site resources and extrapolation to turbine heights can be compromised if the shear parameter is used.", "publicationTitle": "Renewable Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 2011", "volume": "36", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "330-337", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Renewable Energy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.renene.2010.06.047", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148110003204", "accessDate": "2013-06-07T20:45:17Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0960-1481", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-06-07T20:45:17Z", "dateModified": "2013-06-07T20:45:17Z" } }, { "key": "PFJ52FHE", "version": 22, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 174028, "name": "wind forecasting", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_forecasting", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/174028/items/PFJ52FHE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_forecasting/items/PFJ52FHE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wharton et al.", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PFJ52FHE", "version": 22, "itemType": "report", "title": "Meteorological observations for renewable energy applications at site 300", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Wharton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Alai" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K.", "lastName": "Myers" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "2011", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/531129.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-06-07T20:30:49Z", "dateModified": "2013-06-07T20:35:22Z" } }, { "key": "3CTXSCM5", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 174028, "name": "wind forecasting", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_forecasting", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/174028/items/3CTXSCM5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_forecasting/items/3CTXSCM5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Friedrich et al.", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3CTXSCM5", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Stability and turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer: A comparison of remote sensing and tower observations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Katja", "lastName": "Friedrich" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Julie K.", "lastName": "Lundquist" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthew", "lastName": "Aitken" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Evan A.", "lastName": "Kalina" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert F.", "lastName": "Marshall" } ], "abstractNote": "When monitoring winds and atmospheric stability for wind energy applications, remote sensing instruments present some advantages to in-situ instrumentation such as larger vertical extent, in some cases easy installation and maintenance, measurements of vertical humidity profiles throughout the boundary layer, and no restrictions on prevailing wind directions. In this study, we compare remote sensing devices, Windcube lidar and microwave radiometer, to meteorological in-situtower measurements to demonstrate the accuracy of these measurements and to assess the utility of the remote sensing instruments in overcoming tower limitations. We compare temperature and wind observations, as well as calculations of Brunt-Väisälä frequency and Richardson numbers for the instrument deployment period in May–June 2011 at the U.S. Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory's National Wind Technology Center near Boulder, Colorado. The study reveals that a lidar and radiometer measure wind and temperature with the same accuracy as tower instruments, while also providing advantages for monitoring stability and turbulence. We demonstrate that the atmospheric stability is determined more accurately when the liquid-water mixing ratio derived from the vertical humidity profile is considered under moist-adiabatic conditions.", "publicationTitle": "Geophysical Research Letters", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "39", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "n/a–n/a", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1029/2011GL050413", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2011GL050413/abstract", "accessDate": "2013-06-07T20:19:20Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1944-8007", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Stability and turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-06-07T20:19:20Z", "dateModified": "2013-06-07T20:19:20Z" } }, { "key": "BK87QWE9", "version": 17, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 174028, "name": "wind forecasting", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_forecasting", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/174028/items/BK87QWE9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_forecasting/items/BK87QWE9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Aitken et al.", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BK87QWE9", "version": 17, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Performance of a Wind-Profiling Lidar in the Region of Wind Turbine Rotor Disks", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthew L.", "lastName": "Aitken" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael E.", "lastName": "Rhodes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Julie K.", "lastName": "Lundquist" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "03/2012", "volume": "29", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "347-355", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00033.1", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00033.1", "accessDate": "2013-06-07T20:17:21Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0739-0572, 1520-0426", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-06-07T20:17:21Z", "dateModified": "2013-06-07T20:17:21Z" } }, { "key": "B7IWJW64", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 174028, "name": "wind forecasting", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_forecasting", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/174028/items/B7IWJW64", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_forecasting/items/B7IWJW64", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Deola", "parsedDate": "2010-02-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "B7IWJW64", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Characterization of winds through the rotor plane using a phased array SODAR and recommendations for future work", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Regina", "lastName": "Deola" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Publications (E)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010-02-01", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/renew_pubs/29", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-06-07T19:22:16Z", "dateModified": "2013-06-07T19:22:16Z" } }, { "key": "RFRNNGFW", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 174028, "name": "wind forecasting", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_forecasting", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/174028/items/RFRNNGFW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_forecasting/items/RFRNNGFW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RFRNNGFW", "version": 5, "itemType": "report", "title": "Recommended practices for the use of Sodar in wind energy resource assessment", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "2011", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.iedat.com/documents/SODARRecommendedPractices_IEARevised13Jul2011.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-06-07T19:17:34Z", "dateModified": "2013-06-07T19:18:07Z" } }, { "key": "EKCBMT7E", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 174028, "name": "wind forecasting", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_forecasting", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/174028/items/EKCBMT7E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/wind_forecasting/items/EKCBMT7E", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Walls et al.", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EKCBMT7E", "version": 3, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Understanding and quantifying the uncertainty in tower extrapolation and AEP estimations using SODAR", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elizabeth", "lastName": "Walls" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrew", "lastName": "Hastings-Black" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Niels", "lastName": "LaWhite" } ], "abstractNote": "", "proceedingsTitle": "", "conferenceName": "EWEC", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.secondwind.com/research/Walls_EWEC_2010_Paper.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-06-07T19:16:04Z", "dateModified": "2013-06-07T19:17:16Z" } } ]