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"PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2013-05-20T16:28:32Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15689426", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z", "dateModified": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z" } }, { "key": "2R3F9XK7", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 169370, "name": "NC_Internship_2013", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/2R3F9XK7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013/items/2R3F9XK7", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/GWUIQB6I", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1153653, "username": "thisyi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thisyi", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "2R3F9XK7", "version": 18, "parentItem": "GWUIQB6I", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed Central Link", "accessDate": "2013-05-20T16:15:45Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2487005/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z", "dateModified": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z" } }, { "key": "AWEUSURC", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 169370, "name": "NC_Internship_2013", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/AWEUSURC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013/items/AWEUSURC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1153653, "username": "thisyi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thisyi", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Huicho et al.", "parsedDate": "2005-12-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "AWEUSURC", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Implementation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy in Peru and its association with health indicators: an ecological analysis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Luis", "lastName": "Huicho" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Miguel", "lastName": "Dávila" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fernando", "lastName": "Gonzales" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christopher", "lastName": "Drasbek" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennifer", "lastName": "Bryce" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cesar G.", "lastName": "Victora" } ], "abstractNote": "The Multi-Country Evaluation of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Effectiveness, Cost and Impact (MCE) was launched to assess the global effectiveness of this strategy. Impact evaluations were started in five countries. The objectives of the Peru MCE were: (1) to document trends in IMCI implementation in the 24 departments of Peru from 1996 to 2000; (2) to document trends in indicators of health services coverage and impact (mortality and nutritional status) for the same period; (3) to correlate changes in these two sets of indicators, and (4) to attempt to rule out contextual factors that may affect the observed trends and correlations. An ecological analysis was performed in which the units of study were the 24 departments. By 2000, 10.2% of clinical health workers were trained in IMCI, but some districts showed considerably higher rates. There were no significant associations between clinical IMCI training coverage and indicators of outpatient utilization, vaccine coverage, mortality or malnutrition. The lack of association persisted after adjustment for several contextual factors including socioeconomic and environmental indicators and the presence of other child health projects. Community health workers were also trained in IMCI, and training coverage was not associated with any of the process or impact indicators, except for a significant positive correlation with mean height for age. According to the MCE impact model, IMCI implementation must be sufficiently strong to lead to an impact on health and nutrition. Health systems support for IMCI implementation in Peru was far from adequate. This finding, along with low training coverage level and a relatively low child mortality rate, may explain why the expected impact was not documented. Nevertheless, even districts with high levels of training coverage failed to show an impact. Further national effectiveness studies of IMCI and other child interventions are warranted as these interventions are scaled up.", "publicationTitle": "Health Policy and Planning", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "12/01/2005", "volume": "20", "issue": "suppl 1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "i32-i41", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Health Policy Plan.", "DOI": "10.1093/heapol/czi052", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/suppl_1/i32", "accessDate": "2013-05-20T16:29:19Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0268-1080, 1460-2237", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Implementation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy in Peru and its association with health indicators", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "heapol.oxfordjournals.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 16306067", "tags": [ { "tag": "M&E" }, { "tag": "case" }, { "tag": "indicator" } ], "collections": [ "XJ543CT3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z", "dateModified": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z" } }, { "key": "VCQBVKU4", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 169370, "name": "NC_Internship_2013", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/VCQBVKU4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013/items/VCQBVKU4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1153653, "username": "thisyi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thisyi", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bryce et al.", "parsedDate": "2005-12-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "VCQBVKU4", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Programmatic pathways to child survival: results of a multi-country evaluation of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennifer", "lastName": "Bryce" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cesar G.", "lastName": "Victora" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jean-Pierre", "lastName": "Habicht" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert E.", "lastName": "Black" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert W.", "lastName": "Scherpbier" } ], "abstractNote": "Objective: To summarize the expectations held by World Health Organization programme personnel about how the introduction of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy would lead to improvements in child health and nutrition, to compare these expectations with what was learned from the Multi-Country Evaluation of IMCI Effectiveness, Cost and Impact (MCE-IMCI), and to discuss the implications of these findings for child survival policies and programmes.\nDesign: The MCE-IMCI study designs were based on an impact model developed in 1999–2000 to define how IMCI would be implemented at country level and below, and the outcomes and impact it would have on child health and survival. MCE-IMCI studies included: feasibility assessments documenting IMCI implementation in 12 countries (1999–2001); in-depth studies using compatible designs in Bangladesh, Brazil, Peru, Tanzania and Uganda; and cross-site analyses addressing the effectiveness of specific subsets of IMCI activities.\nResults: The IMCI strategy was successfully introduced in the great majority of countries with moderate to high levels of child mortality in the period from 1996 to 2001. Seven years of country-based evaluation, however, indicates that some of the basic expectations underlying the development of IMCI were not met. Four of the five countries (the exception is Tanzania) had difficulties in expanding the strategy at national level while maintaining adequate intervention quality. Technical guidelines on delivering interventions at family and community levels were slow to appear, and in their absence countries stalled in their efforts to increase population coverage with essential interventions related to careseeking, nutrition, and correct care of the sick child at home. The full weight of health system limitations on IMCI implementation was not appreciated at the outset, and only now is it clear that solutions to larger problems in political commitment, human resources, financing, integrated or at least coordinated programme management, and effective decentralization are essential underpinnings of successful efforts to reduce child mortality.\nConclusions: This analysis highlights the need for a shift if child survival efforts are to be successful. Delivery systems that rely solely on government health facilities must be expanded to include the full range of potential channels in a setting and strong community-based approaches. The focus on process within child health programmes must change to include greater accountability for intervention coverage at population level. Global strategies that expect countries to make massive adaptations must be complemented by country-level implementation guidelines that begin with local epidemiology and rely on tools developed for specific epidemiological profiles.", "publicationTitle": "Health Policy and Planning", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "12/01/2005", "volume": "20", "issue": "suppl 1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "i5-i17", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Health Policy Plan.", "DOI": "10.1093/heapol/czi055", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/suppl_1/i5", "accessDate": "2013-05-20T16:27:47Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0268-1080, 1460-2237", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Programmatic pathways to child survival", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "heapol.oxfordjournals.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 16306070", "tags": [ { "tag": "M&E" }, { "tag": "case" } ], "collections": [ "XJ543CT3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z", "dateModified": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z" } }, { "key": "HRN8CQUX", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 169370, "name": "NC_Internship_2013", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/HRN8CQUX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013/items/HRN8CQUX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1153653, "username": "thisyi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thisyi", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nicoll", "parsedDate": "2000-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HRN8CQUX", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Integrated management of childhood illness in resource-poor countries: an initiative from the World Health Organization", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Angus", "lastName": "Nicoll" } ], "abstractNote": "It is estimated that each year around 12 million children aged <5 years die in resource-poor countries and that 70% of these deaths are due to communicable diseases and/or malnutrition. The same conditions are responsible for an even higher percentage of childhood illness. Since the mid-1990s the World Health Organization has been leading the development of an integrated approach to care for ill children at the primary care level, a programme know as Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI). The approach essentially combines improved management of childhood illness with aspects of nutrition, immunization and maternal health. IMCI replaces or complements a number of ‘vertical’ child health programmes aimed at specific groups of conditions including control of diarrhoeal diseases (CDD), acute respiratory infections (ARI) and the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI). As of late 1998 the programme, at various stages of development, had been introduced to 51 countries: Introduction (19 countries), Early Implementation (29 countries) or Expansion (9). The approach has many advantages not least that it is well accepted by tropical country paediatricians because it conforms to practice in secondary care. In some countries paediatricians are playing a greater leadership role than they did with previous specific programmes. Many problems remain: programmatic issues, probable over-diagnosis of malaria, relationships with other specific initiatives (‘Roll Back Malaria’ and new-born care) and how to integrate HIV infection into the diagnosis and care ‘package’. However the initiative deserves support by paediatricians and public health specialists in industrialized countries.", "publicationTitle": "Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 2000", "volume": "94", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "9-11", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene", "DOI": "10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90418-8", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0035920300904188", "accessDate": "2013-05-20T16:24:16Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0035-9203", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Integrated management of childhood illness in resource-poor countries", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "M&E" } ], "collections": [ "XJ543CT3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z", "dateModified": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z" } }, { "key": "VQJ3RJBQ", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 169370, "name": "NC_Internship_2013", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/VQJ3RJBQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013/items/VQJ3RJBQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1153653, "username": "thisyi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thisyi", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Arifeen et al.", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VQJ3RJBQ", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Effect of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy on childhood mortality and nutrition in a rural area in Bangladesh: a cluster randomised trial", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shams E", "lastName": "Arifeen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "DM Emdadul", "lastName": "Hoque" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tasnima", "lastName": "Akter" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Muntasirur", "lastName": "Rahman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mohammad Enamul", "lastName": "Hoque" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Khadija", "lastName": "Begum" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Enayet K", "lastName": "Chowdhury" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rasheda", "lastName": "Khan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lauren S", "lastName": "Blum" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shakil", "lastName": "Ahmed" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M Altaf", "lastName": "Hossain" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ashraf", "lastName": "Siddik" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nazma", "lastName": "Begum" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Qazi Sadeq-ur", "lastName": "Rahman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Twaha M", "lastName": "Haque" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sk Masum", "lastName": "Billah" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mainul", "lastName": "Islam" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Reza Ali", "lastName": "Rumi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Erin", "lastName": "Law" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "ZA Motin", "lastName": "Al-Helal" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Abdullah H", "lastName": "Baqui" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joanna", "lastName": "Schellenberg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Taghreed", "lastName": "Adam" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lawrence H", "lastName": "Moulton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jean-Pierre", "lastName": "Habicht" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert W", "lastName": "Scherpbier" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cesar G", "lastName": "Victora" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennifer", "lastName": "Bryce" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert E", "lastName": "Black" } ], "abstractNote": "SummaryBackground \nWHO and UNICEF launched the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy in the mid-1990s to reduce deaths from diarrhoea, pneumonia, malaria, measles, and malnutrition in children younger than 5 years. We assessed the effect of IMCI on health and nutrition of children younger than 5 years in Bangladesh. \nMethods \nIn this cluster randomised trial, 20 first-level government health facilities in the Matlab subdistrict of Bangladesh and their catchment areas (total population about 350 000) were paired and randomly assigned to either IMCI (intervention; ten clusters) or usual services (comparison; ten clusters). All three components of IMCI—health-worker training, health-systems improvements, and family and community activities—were implemented beginning in February, 2002. Assessment included household and health facility surveys tracking intermediate outputs and outcomes, and nutrition and mortality changes in intervention and comparison areas. Primary endpoint was mortality in children aged between 7 days and 59 months. Analysis was by intention to treat. This study is registered, number ISRCTN52793850. \nFindings \nThe yearly rate of mortality reduction in children younger than 5 years (excluding deaths in first week of life) was similar in IMCI and comparison areas (8·6% vs 7·8%). In the last 2 years of the study, the mortality rate was 13·4% lower in IMCI than in comparison areas (95% CI −14·2 to 34·3), corresponding to 4·2 fewer deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% CI −4·1 to 12·4; p=0·30). Implementation of IMCI led to improved health-worker skills, health-system support, and family and community practices, translating into increased care-seeking for illnesses. In IMCI areas, more children younger than 6 months were exclusively breastfed (76% vs 65%, difference of differences 10·1%, 95% CI 2·65–17·62), and prevalence of stunting in children aged 24–59 months decreased more rapidly (difference of differences −7·33, 95% CI −13·83 to −0·83) than in comparison areas. \nInterpretation \nIMCI was associated with positive changes in all input, output, and outcome indicators, including increased exclusive breastfeeding and decreased stunting. However, IMCI implementation had no effect on mortality within the timeframe of the assessment. \nFunding \nBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, WHO's Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development, and US Agency for International Development.", "publicationTitle": "The Lancet", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1", "volume": "374", "issue": "9687", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "393-403", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "The Lancet", "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60828-X", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067360960828X", "accessDate": "2013-05-20T16:18:33Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0140-6736", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Effect of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy on childhood mortality and nutrition in a rural area in Bangladesh", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "M&E" }, { "tag": "case" } ], "collections": [ "XJ543CT3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z", "dateModified": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z" } }, { "key": "75WQ5D9X", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 169370, "name": "NC_Internship_2013", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/75WQ5D9X", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013/items/75WQ5D9X", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1153653, "username": "thisyi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thisyi", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Patwari and Raina", "parsedDate": "2002-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "75WQ5D9X", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) : A robust strategy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. K.", "lastName": "Patwari" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Neena", "lastName": "Raina" } ], "abstractNote": "Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI), a strategy fostering holistic approach to child health and development, is built upon successful experiences gained from effective child health interventions like immunization, oral rehydration therapy, management of acute respiratory infections and improved infant feeding. The core intervention of IMCI is integrated management of the five most important causes of childhood deaths-acute respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, measles, malaria and malnutrition. Using a set of interventions for the integrated treatment and prevention of major childhood illnesses, the IMCI strategy aims to reduce death as well as the frequency and severity of illness and disability, thus contributing to improved growth and development. In health facilities, the IMCI strategy promotes the accurate identification of childhood illness (es) in the outpatient settings, ensures appropriate combined treatment of all major illnesses, strengthens the counselling of caretakers and the provision of preventive services, and speeds up the referral of severely ill children. The strategy also aims to improve the quality of care of sick children at the referral level. It also creates a scientifically sound link between the management guidelines at the community level and the management approach in a referral centre. The strategy also envisages actual situations when referral is not possible and offers the best possible options in such circumstances. In the home setting, it promotes appropriate early home care and care-seeking, improved nutrition and prevention, and the correct implementation of prescribed care. In addition to its focus on treatment of illness in the health facility as well as at home, it also provides an opportunity for important preventive interventions such as immunization and improved infant and child nutrition including breastfeeding. The IMCI strategy reduces wastage of resources and avoids duplication of efforts that may occur in a series of separate disease control programs. The essential pillars include improvement in the case management skills of health personnel, improvement in health systems, and improvement in family and community practices. IMCI has been introduced in more than 80 countries and 19 of them have already scaled up IMCI implimentation Even though it is too early to relate the decrease in childhood mortality with the introduction of IMCI inthese countries, there are several indirect indicators which endorse its validity as a comprehensive and effective strategy. IMCI has helped countries to revise and update their child health policies, streamline the essential drug lists for children, increase service utilization, improve quality of care and nutritional counselling, improve health systems and improved family and community practices.", "publicationTitle": "The Indian Journal of Pediatrics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2002/01/01", "volume": "69", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "41-48", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Indian J Pediatr", "DOI": "10.1007/BF02723776", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02723776", "accessDate": "2013-05-20T16:17:23Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0019-5456, 0973-7693", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI)", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ 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"title": "Amazon.com Link", "accessDate": "2013-05-20T16:33:06Z", "url": "http://www.amazon.com/dp/0881339873", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z", "dateModified": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z" } }, { "key": "G84JPVAM", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 169370, "name": "NC_Internship_2013", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/G84JPVAM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013/items/G84JPVAM", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/VCQBVKU4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1153653, "username": "thisyi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thisyi", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "G84JPVAM", "version": 18, "parentItem": "VCQBVKU4", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2013-05-20T16:27:47Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16306070", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z", "dateModified": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z" } }, { "key": "84RZV4FG", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 169370, "name": "NC_Internship_2013", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/84RZV4FG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013/items/84RZV4FG", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/7F9ER6QP", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1153653, "username": "thisyi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thisyi", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "84RZV4FG", "version": 18, "parentItem": "7F9ER6QP", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2013-05-20T16:26:45Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16306072", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z", "dateModified": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z" } }, { "key": "7SQWD262", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 169370, "name": "NC_Internship_2013", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/7SQWD262", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013/items/7SQWD262", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1153653, "username": "thisyi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thisyi", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bohannan and Elst", "parsedDate": "1998-02-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "7SQWD262", "version": 18, "itemType": "book", "title": "Asking and Listening: Ethnography as Personal Adaptation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Bohannan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dirk van der", "lastName": "Elst" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1998-02-01", "publisher": "Waveland Pr Inc", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "107", "ISBN": "0881339873", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Asking and Listening", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "participant" } ], "collections": [ "XJ543CT3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z", "dateModified": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z" } }, { "key": "DRZJMU23", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 169370, "name": "NC_Internship_2013", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/DRZJMU23", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013/items/DRZJMU23", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1153653, "username": "thisyi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thisyi", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fawcus et al.", "parsedDate": "1996-11-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DRZJMU23", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A Community-based Investigation of Avoidable Factors for Maternal Mortality in Zimbabwe", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Susan", "lastName": "Fawcus" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Mbizvo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gunilla", "lastName": "Lindmark" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lennarth", "lastName": "Nystrom" } ], "abstractNote": "A community-based investigation of maternal deaths was undertaken in a rural province (Masvingo) and an urban area (Harare) of Zimbabwe in order to assess their preventability. Avoidable factors were identified in 90 percent of the 105 rural deaths and 85 percent of the 61 urban deaths. Delay in seeking treatment contributed to 32 percent and 28 percent of rural and urban deaths, respectively. Lack of transportation delayed or prevented access to health facilities in the rural area, a major problem in 28 percent of the cases studied. Suboptimal clinic and hospital management was identified in 67 percent and 70 percent of rural and urban deaths, respectively. Lack of appropriately trained personnel contributed to suboptimal care. In both settings, the severity of patients' conditions was frequently unrecognized, leading to delays in treatment and referral, and inadequate treatment. Appropriate community and health-service interventions to reduce maternal mortality are discussed.", "publicationTitle": "Studies in Family Planning", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 1, 1996", "volume": "27", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "319-327", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Studies in Family Planning", "DOI": "10.2307/2138027", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2138027", "accessDate": "2013-05-20T16:30:57Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0039-3665", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 1996 Population Council", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Nov. - Dec., 1996 / Copyright © 1996 Population Council", "tags": [ { "tag": "M&E" } ], "collections": [ "XJ543CT3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z", "dateModified": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z" } }, { "key": "B4HCESHC", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 169370, "name": "NC_Internship_2013", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/B4HCESHC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013/items/B4HCESHC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1153653, "username": "thisyi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thisyi", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Huicho et al.", "parsedDate": "2005-01-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "B4HCESHC", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Scaling up Integrated Management of Childhood Illness to the national level: achievements and challenges in Peru", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Luis", "lastName": "Huicho" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Miguel", "lastName": "Dávila" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Miguel", "lastName": "Campos" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christopher", "lastName": "Drasbek" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennifer", "lastName": "Bryce" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cesar G.", "lastName": "Victora" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper presents the first published report of a national-level effort to implement the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy at scale. IMCI was introduced in Peru in late 1996, the early implementation phase started in 1997, with the expansion phase starting in 1998. Here we report on a retrospective evaluation designed to describe and analyze the process of taking IMCI to scale in Peru, conducted as one of five studies within the Multi-Country Evaluation of IMCI Effectiveness, Cost and Impact (MCE) coordinated by the World Health Organization. Trained surveyors visited each of Peru's 34 districts, interviewed district health staff and reviewed district records. Findings show that IMCI was not institutionalized in Peru: it was implemented parallel to existing programmes to address acute respiratory infections and diarrhoea, sharing budget lines and management staff. The number of health workers trained in IMCI case management increased until 1999 and then decreased in 2000 and 2001, with overall coverage levels among doctors and nurses calculated to be 10.3%. Efforts to implement the community component of IMCI began with the training of community health workers in 2000, but expected synergies between health facility and community interventions were not realized because districts where clinical training was most intense were not those where community IMCI training was strongest. We summarize the constraints to scaling up IMCI, and examine both the methodological and policy implications of the findings. Few monitoring data were available to document IMCI implementation in Peru, limiting the potential of retrospective evaluations to contribute to programme improvement. Even basic indicators recommended for national monitoring could not be calculated at either district or national levels. The findings document weaknesses in the policy and programme supports for IMCI that would cripple any intervention delivered through the health service delivery system. The Ministry of Health in Peru is now working to address these weaknesses; other countries working to achieve high and equitable coverage with essential child survival interventions can learn from their experience.", "publicationTitle": "Health Policy and Planning", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "01/01/2005", "volume": "20", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "14-24", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Health Policy Plan.", "DOI": "10.1093/heapol/czi002", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/1/14", "accessDate": "2013-05-20T16:28:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0268-1080, 1460-2237", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Scaling up Integrated Management of Childhood Illness to the national level", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "heapol.oxfordjournals.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 15689426", "tags": [ { "tag": "M&E" }, { "tag": "case" } ], "collections": [ "XJ543CT3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z", "dateModified": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z" } }, { "key": "7F9ER6QP", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 169370, "name": "NC_Internship_2013", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/7F9ER6QP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013/items/7F9ER6QP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1153653, "username": "thisyi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thisyi", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bryce et al.", "parsedDate": "2005-12-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "7F9ER6QP", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Improving quality and efficiency of facility-based child health care through Integrated Management of Childhood Illness in Tanzania", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennifer", "lastName": "Bryce" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eleanor", "lastName": "Gouws" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Taghreed", "lastName": "Adam" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert E.", "lastName": "Black" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joanna Armstrong", "lastName": "Schellenberg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fatuma", "lastName": "Manzi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cesar G.", "lastName": "Victora" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jean-Pierre", "lastName": "Habicht" } ], "abstractNote": "Objectives: To assess the effect of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) relative to routine care on the quality and efficiency of providing care for sick children in first-level health facilities in Tanzania, and to disseminate the results for use in health sector decision-making.\nDesign: Non-randomized controlled trial to compare child health care quality and economic costs in two intervention (>90% of health care workers trained in IMCI) and two comparison districts in rural Tanzania.\nParticipants: For quality measures, all sick children presenting for care at random samples of first-level health facilities; for costs, all national, district, facility and household costs associated with child health care, taking a societal perspective.\nResults: IMCI training is associated with significantly better child health care in facilities at no additional cost to districts. The cost per child visit managed correctly was lower in IMCI than in routine care settings: $4.02 versus $25.70, respectively, in 1999 US dollars and after standardization for variations in population size.\nConclusion: IMCI improved the quality and efficiency of child health care relative to routine child health care in the study districts. Previous study results indicated that the introduction of IMCI in these Tanzanian districts was associated with mortality levels that were 13% lower than in comparison districts. We can therefore conclude that IMCI is also more cost-effective than routine care for improving child health outcomes. The dissemination strategy for these results led to adoption of IMCI for nationwide implementation within 12 months of study completion.", "publicationTitle": "Health Policy and Planning", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "12/01/2005", "volume": "20", "issue": "suppl 1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "i69-i76", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Health Policy Plan.", "DOI": "10.1093/heapol/czi053", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/suppl_1/i69", "accessDate": "2013-05-20T16:26:45Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0268-1080, 1460-2237", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "heapol.oxfordjournals.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 16306072", "tags": [ { "tag": "M&E" }, { "tag": "case" } ], "collections": [ "XJ543CT3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z", "dateModified": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z" } }, { "key": "GWUIQB6I", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 169370, "name": "NC_Internship_2013", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/GWUIQB6I", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013/items/GWUIQB6I", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1153653, "username": "thisyi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thisyi", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Simoes et al.", "parsedDate": "1997", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "GWUIQB6I", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Performance of health workers after training in integrated management of childhood illness in Gondar, Ethiopia.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E. A.", "lastName": "Simoes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T.", "lastName": "Desta" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T.", "lastName": "Tessema" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T.", "lastName": "Gerbresellassie" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Dagnew" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Gove" } ], "abstractNote": "The performance of six primary health workers was evaluated after following a 9-day training course on integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI). The participants were selected from three primary health centres in the Gondar District, Ethiopia, and the course was focused on assessment, classification, and treatment of sick children (aged 2 months to 5 years) and on counselling of their mothers. Immediately following this training, a 3-week study was conducted in the primary health centres to determine how well these workers performed in assessing, classifying and treating the children and in counselling the mothers. A total of 449 sick children who presented at the three primary health centres during the study period were evaluated. Most of the complaints (87%) volunteered by the mothers (fever, cough, diarrhoea, and ear problems) were covered by the IMCI charts. The assessment of commonly seen signs (tachypnoea or ear pain) or easily identifiable signs (slow return after skin pinch, wasting, or pedal oedema) was good, with sensitivities of 67-91%, whereas the assessment of uncommonly seen signs (dry mouth, corneal clouding) or less easily quantifiable signs (eyelid pallor, absence of tears) had a fair or poor sensitivity of 20-45%. The classification of pneumonia, diarrhoea with signs of dehydration, and malnutrition showed sensitivities of 88%, 76%, and 85% and specificities of 87%, 98%, and 96%, respectively. However, the classification of febrile illnesses had a sensitivity of only 39% due to problems in using the draft algorithm in areas with a mixture of high, low, and no malaria risk, and due to confusion between axillary and rectal temperature thresholds. Of 39 children classified as having severe disease, 9 were misclassified, mostly by one nurse. Treatment of patients improved over the three weeks of observation, their completeness increasing from 69% to 88%. Health workers usually communicated appropriate advice to the mother. They learned to use checking questions but failed to adequately solve problems in the majority of cases. The mother's counselling card, which summarized recommendations on feeding and home fluids, and advice on when to return, was widely used to aid communication. The time taken to perform the complete management of children did not change significantly (20 to 19 minutes) during the study. Lessons from our findings have been incorporated into an improved version of the IMCI charts.", "publicationTitle": "Bulletin of the World Health Organization", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1997", "volume": "75", "issue": "Suppl 1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "43-53", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Bull World Health Organ", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2487005/", "accessDate": "2013-05-20T16:15:45Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0042-9686", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 9529717\nPMCID: PMC2487005", "tags": [ { "tag": "M&E" }, { "tag": "case" }, { "tag": "caseworker" } ], "collections": [ "XJ543CT3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z", "dateModified": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z" } }, { "key": "TGM7BF8Z", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 169370, "name": "NC_Internship_2013", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/TGM7BF8Z", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013/items/TGM7BF8Z", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1153653, "username": "thisyi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thisyi", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Khan et al.", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TGM7BF8Z", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "All slums are not equal: maternal health conditions among two urban slum dwellers", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zulfia", "lastName": "Khan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "AbdulRazzaq", "lastName": "Siddiqui" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Salman", "lastName": "Khalil" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Saira", "lastName": "Mehnaz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Athar", "lastName": "Ansari" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sandeep", "lastName": "Sachdeva" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Indian Journal of Community Medicine", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "37", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "50", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.4103/0970-0218.94027", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://0-search.proquest.com.bianca.penlib.du.edu/docview/940881291", "accessDate": "2013-04-11T00:52:13Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0970-0218", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "All slums are not equal", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "indicators" } ], "collections": [ "XJ543CT3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-05-20T15:28:30Z", "dateModified": "2013-05-20T16:33:32Z" } }, { "key": "AFIP3TSM", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 169370, "name": "NC_Internship_2013", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/AFIP3TSM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013/items/AFIP3TSM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1153653, "username": "thisyi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thisyi", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Stem et al.", "parsedDate": "2005", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AFIP3TSM", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Monitoreo y Evaluación en Conservación: una Revisión de Tendencias y Métodos", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Caroline", "lastName": "Stem" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard", "lastName": "Margoluis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nick", "lastName": "Salafsky" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marcia", "lastName": "Brown" } ], "abstractNote": "Abstract: There is growing recognition among conservation practitioners and scholars that good project management is integrally linked to well-designed monitoring and evaluation systems. Most conservation organizations have attempted to develop and implement monitoring and evaluation systems, often with mixed results. One problem seems to be that organizations are trying to build their systems from scratch, overlooking lessons learned from the many efforts to develop useful and practical monitoring and evaluation approaches. Thus, we undertook a review of monitoring and evaluation approaches in conservation and other fields including international development, public health, family planning, education, social services, and business. Here, we present our results for the field of conservation. We categorized the considerable variety of monitoring and evaluation approaches into four broad purposes: basic research; accounting and certification; status assessment; and effectiveness measurement. We focus here on status assessment and effectiveness measurement. Specific lessons that emerged follow: different monitoring and evaluation needs require different approaches; conceptual similarities are widespread among prevailing approaches; inconsistent language impedes communication; confusion among monitoring and evaluation components hinders practitioner ability to choose the appropriate component; and monitoring only quantitative biological variables is insufficient. We suggest that the conservation community continue support of collaborative initiatives to improve monitoring and evaluation, establish clear definitions of commonly used terms, clarify monitoring and evaluation system components, apply available approaches appropriately, and include qualitative and social variables in monitoring efforts.", "publicationTitle": "Conservation Biology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2005", "volume": "19", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "295–309", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00594.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00594.x/abstract", "accessDate": "2013-05-20T14:08:48Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1523-1739", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Monitoreo y Evaluación en Conservación", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "efectividad de gestión", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "evaluación de estatus", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "manejo adoptivo", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "XJ543CT3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-05-20T15:27:16Z", "dateModified": "2013-05-20T16:10:28Z" } }, { "key": "92ZNJ4PC", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 169370, "name": "NC_Internship_2013", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/92ZNJ4PC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013/items/92ZNJ4PC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1153653, "username": "thisyi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thisyi", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Queißer-Luft et al.", "parsedDate": "2002-07-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "92ZNJ4PC", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Malformations in newborn: results based on 30940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990–1998)", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Queißer-Luft" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Stolz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Wiesel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K.", "lastName": "Schlaefer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Spranger" } ], "abstractNote": "Prevalence rates of birth defects in the Federal Republic of Germany are informative to assess the general background risk of having a child with a birth defect. They provide basic figures to determine temporal and regional prevalence trends, to evaluate and initiate preventive measures and to initiate research projects. To avoid observer, definition and collection bias, active monitoring systems are required. Data collected in the active monitoring system of the Mainz Birth Defects Registry are presented. From 1990–1998, 30940 livebirths, stillbirths and abortions underwent standardized physical and sonographic examinations. Anamnestic data were collected from prenatal care records, maternity files and hospital records. Major malformations were diagnosed in 2144 (6.9%) and mild errors of morphogenesis in 11104 (35.8%) of all infants. Risk factors associated with the occurrence of major malformations were identified by comparing anamnestic data from infants with and without major malformations. Using multivariate regression models, statistically significant associations were established for 9 risk factors. Causally related risk factors were parents or siblings with malformations, parental consanguinity, more than 3 minor errors of morphogenesis in the proband, maternal diabetes mellitus and ingestion of antiallergic drugs in the first trimester of pregnancy. Conjunctional risk factors were polyhydramnios, oligohydramnios and gestational age <32 weeks at birth. Using these risk factors, populations at risk for the occurrence of major malformation can be identified.", "publicationTitle": "Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2002/07/01", "volume": "266", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "163-167", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Arch Gynecol Obstet", "DOI": "10.1007/s00404-001-0265-4", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00404-001-0265-4", "accessDate": "2013-05-20T14:59:05Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0932-0067, 1432-0711", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Malformations in newborn", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Congenital birth defect", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Keywords Malformation", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "XJ543CT3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-05-20T15:26:26Z", "dateModified": "2013-05-20T16:10:28Z" } }, { "key": "7MMD35C2", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 169370, "name": "NC_Internship_2013", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/7MMD35C2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013/items/7MMD35C2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1153653, "username": "thisyi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thisyi", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tripathi et al.", "parsedDate": "2002", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7MMD35C2", "version": 18, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Paradigms for mobile agent based active monitoring of network systems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Tripathi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T.", "lastName": "Ahmed" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Pathak" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Carney" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Dokas" } ], "abstractNote": "We present here a framework together with a set of paradigms for mobile agent based active monitoring of network systems. In our framework mobile agents are used to perform remote information filtering and control functions. Such agents can detect basic events or correlate existing events that are stored in a database to enforce system policies. A system administrator can securely modify the monitoring policies and information filtering functions of its agents, or install new agents at a node. The framework presented here includes monitor, subscriber, auditor and inspector agents. The policies and itineraries of these agents can be modified dynamically. In response to certain trigger events agents may change their itineraries to correlate event data. We present here a set of experiments that we have conducted using the Ajanta mobile agent system to evaluate and demonstrate the capabilities of our mobile agent framework.", "proceedingsTitle": "Network Operations and Management Symposium, 2002. NOMS 2002. 2002 IEEE/IFIP", "conferenceName": "Network Operations and Management Symposium, 2002. NOMS 2002. 2002 IEEE/IFIP", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2002", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "65-78", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.1109/NOMS.2002.1015546", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "IEEE Xplore", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "M&E" } ], "collections": [ "XJ543CT3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-05-20T16:10:05Z", "dateModified": "2013-05-20T16:10:05Z" } }, { "key": "3PFDFDZ5", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 169370, "name": "NC_Internship_2013", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/169370/items/3PFDFDZ5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nc_internship_2013/items/3PFDFDZ5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1153653, "username": "thisyi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thisyi", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gove", "parsedDate": "1997", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "3PFDFDZ5", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Integrated management of childhood illness by outpatient health workers: technical basis and overview. The WHO Working Group on Guidelines for Integrated Management of the Sick Child.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Gove" } ], "abstractNote": "This article describes the technical basis for the guidelines for the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI), which are presented in the WHO/UNICEF training course on IMCI for outpatient health workers at first-level health facilities in developing countries. These guidelines include the most important case management and preventive interventions against the leading causes of childhood mortality--pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria, measles and malnutrition. The training course enables health workers who use the guidelines to make correct decisions in the management of sick children. The guidelines have been refined through research studies and field-testing in the Gambia, Ethiopia, Kenya, and United Republic of Tanzania, as well as studies on clinical signs in the detection of anaemia and malnutrition. These studies, and two others from Uganda and Bangladesh, are presented in this Supplement to the Bulletin of the World Health Organization.", "publicationTitle": "Bulletin of the World Health Organization", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1997", "volume": "75", "issue": "Suppl 1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "7-24", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Bull World Health Organ", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2486995/", "accessDate": "2013-05-20T16:00:04Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0042-9686", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Integrated management of childhood illness by outpatient health workers", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 9529714\nPMCID: PMC2486995", "tags": [ { "tag": "M&E" } ], "collections": [ "XJ543CT3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": 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