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despite the complexity of such scenes, which usually contain multiple objects. One possible mechanism for dealing with this problem is selective attention. Psychophysical evidence strongly suggests that selective attention can enhance the spatial resolution in the input region corresponding to the focus of attention. In this work we adopt a computational neuroscience perspective to analyze the attentional enhancement of spatial resolution in the area containing the objects of interest. We extend and apply the computational model of Deco and Schürmann (2000), which consists of several modules with feedforward and feedback interconnections describing the mutual links between different areas of the visual cortex. Each module analyses the visual input with different spatial resolution and can be thought of as a hierarchical predictor at a given level of resolution. Moreover, each hierarchical predictor has a submodule that consists of a group of neurons performing a biologically based 2D Gabor wavelet transformation at a given resolution level. The attention control decides in which local regions the spatial resolution should be enhanced in a serial fashion. In this sense, the scene is first analyzed at a coarse resolution level, and the focus of attention enhances iteratively the resolution at the location of an object until the object is identified. We propose and simulate new psychophysical experiments where the effect of the attentional enhancement of spatial resolution can be demonstrated by predicting different reaction time profiles in visual search experiments where the target and distractors are defined at different levels of resolution.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Computational Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 01, 2001", "volume": "10", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "231-253", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1023/A:1011233530729", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011233530729", "accessDate": "2010-04-15T15:03:41Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "A Neurodynamical Model of Visual Attention", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SpringerLink", "callNumber": "0038", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "VRKFDGRK" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-04-20T20:37:10Z", "dateModified": "2010-08-20T14:57:32Z" } }, { "key": "Z3CHU6Q2", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 16016, "name": "Models of attention", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/16016/items/Z3CHU6Q2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention/items/Z3CHU6Q2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 217550, "username": "keber", "name": "Keber Flores", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/keber", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 105804, "username": "CPLuser", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cpluser", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Itti and Koch", "parsedDate": "2001-03", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "Z3CHU6Q2", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Computational modelling of visual attention", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L", "lastName": "Itti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C", "lastName": "Koch" } ], "abstractNote": "Five important trends have emerged from recent work on computational models of focal visual attention that emphasize the bottom-up, image-based control of attentional deployment. First, the perceptual saliency of stimuli critically depends on the surrounding context. Second, a unique 'saliency map' that topographically encodes for stimulus conspicuity over the visual scene has proved to be an efficient and plausible bottom-up control strategy. Third, inhibition of return, the process by which the currently attended location is prevented from being attended again, is a crucial element of attentional deployment. Fourth, attention and eye movements tightly interplay, posing computational challenges with respect to the coordinate system used to control attention. And last, scene understanding and object recognition strongly constrain the selection of attended locations. Insights from these five key areas provide a framework for a computational and neurobiological understanding of visual attention.", "publicationTitle": "Nature Reviews. Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Mar 2001", "volume": "2", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "194-203", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Nat. Rev. Neurosci", "DOI": "10.1038/35058500", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11256080", "accessDate": "2010-04-22T13:30:00Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1471-003X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "1106", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 11256080", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Attention", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Computer simulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Models, Neurological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Visual Cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Visual Perception", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "VRKFDGRK" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-04-22T13:30:00Z", "dateModified": "2010-08-20T14:57:31Z" } }, { "key": "XRPJT9IB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 16016, "name": "Models of attention", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/16016/items/XRPJT9IB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention/items/XRPJT9IB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 217550, "username": "keber", "name": "Keber Flores", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/keber", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 105804, "username": "CPLuser", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cpluser", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Treisman", "parsedDate": "1969", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "XRPJT9IB", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Strategies and models of selective attention.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anne M.", "lastName": "Treisman" } ], "abstractNote": "Reviews experiments on selective attention, mainly to competing speech messages, and relates them to D. E. Broadbents filter theory. 4 types of attention strategy are distinguished; (1) restriction of the number of inputs analyzed, (2) restriction of the dimensions analyzed, (3) the items (defined by sets of critical features) for which S looks or listens, and (4) selections of which results of perceptual analysis will control behavior and be stored in memory. The role played by these different mechanisms in various experimental tasks is explored and their relative importance and efficiency assessed. (2 p. ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)", "publicationTitle": "Psychological Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1969", "volume": "76", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "282-299", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Psychological Review", "DOI": "10.1037/h0027242", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://content.apa.org/journals/rev/76/3/282", "accessDate": "2010-04-19T23:14:38Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0033-295X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "0700", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "VRKFDGRK" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-04-20T21:49:03Z", "dateModified": "2010-08-20T14:57:30Z" } }, { "key": "XJKGTF84", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 16016, "name": "Models of attention", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/16016/items/XJKGTF84", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention/items/XJKGTF84", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 217550, "username": "keber", "name": "Keber Flores", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/keber", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 105804, "username": "CPLuser", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cpluser", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hurlbert and Poggio", "parsedDate": "1986", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "XJKGTF84", "version": 1, "itemType": "report", "title": "Visual Attention in Brains and Computers", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anya", "lastName": "Hurlbert" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tomaso", "lastName": "Poggio" } ], "abstractNote": "Existing computer programs designed to perform visual recognition of objects suffer from a basic weakness: the inability to spotlight regions in the image that potentially correspond to objects of interest. The brain's mechanisms of visual attention, elucidated by pschophysicist and neurophysiologists, may suggest a solution to the computer's problem of object recognition.", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "place": "", "date": "1986", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=888868", "accessDate": "2010-04-29T16:49:53Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACM", "callNumber": "0006", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "VRKFDGRK" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-04-29T16:49:53Z", "dateModified": "2010-08-20T14:57:29Z" } }, { "key": "XJJMICFR", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 16016, "name": "Models of attention", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/16016/items/XJJMICFR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention/items/XJJMICFR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 217550, "username": "keber", "name": "Keber Flores", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/keber", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 105804, "username": "CPLuser", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cpluser", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Itti", "parsedDate": "2005", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "XJJMICFR", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Models of bottom-up attention and saliency", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Laurent", "lastName": "Itti" } ], "abstractNote": "Visually conspicuous, or so-called salient, stimuli often have the capability of attracting fo-\ncal visual attention towards their locations. Several computational architectures subserving this bottom-up,\nstimulus-driven, spatiotemporal deployment of attention are reviewed in this article. The resulting compu-\ntational models have applications not only to the prediction of visual search psychophysics, but also, in the\ndomain of machine vision, to the rapid selection of regions of interest in complex, cluttered visual environ-\nments. We describe an unusal such application, to the objective evaluation of advertising designs.", "publicationTitle": "TSOTSOS (EDS.), NEUROBIOLOGY OF ATTENTION, ELSEVIER", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2005", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "576--582", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.76.9678", "accessDate": "2010-04-22T13:23:56Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0057", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "VRKFDGRK" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-04-22T13:23:56Z", "dateModified": "2010-08-20T14:57:28Z" } }, { "key": "WXC6WEEA", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 16016, "name": "Models of attention", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/16016/items/WXC6WEEA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention/items/WXC6WEEA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 217550, "username": "keber", "name": "Keber Flores", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/keber", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 105804, "username": "CPLuser", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cpluser", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Chik", "parsedDate": "2009-09", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "WXC6WEEA", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Selective attention model with spiking elements.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D", "lastName": "Chik" } ], "abstractNote": "A new biologically plausible model of visual selective attention is developed based on synaptically coupled Hodgkin-Huxley neurons. The model is designed according to a two-layer architecture of excitatory and inhibitory connections which comprises two central neurons and a population of peripheral neurons. Two types of inhibition from the central neurons are present: fixed inhibition which is responsible for the formation of the attention focus, and short-term plastic inhibition which is responsible for the shift of attention. The regimes of synchronous dynamics associated with the development of the attentional focus are studied. In particular, the regime of partial synchronization between spiking activity of the central and peripheral neurons is interpreted as object selection to the focus of attention. It is shown that peripheral neurons with higher firing rates are selected preferentially by the attention system. The model correctly reproduces some observations concerning the mechanisms of attentional control, such as the coherence of spikes in the population of neurons included in the focus of attention, and the inhibition of neurons outside the focus of attention. Sequential selection of stimuli simultaneously present in the visual scene is demonstrated by the model in the frequency domain in both a formal example and a real image.", "publicationTitle": "Neural Netw", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009-09", "volume": "22", "issue": "7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "890-900", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0893-6080", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Open WorldCat", "callNumber": "0002", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "VRKFDGRK" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-04-20T21:42:32Z", "dateModified": "2010-08-20T14:57:27Z" } }, { "key": "WFJG684M", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 16016, "name": "Models of attention", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/16016/items/WFJG684M", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention/items/WFJG684M", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 217550, "username": "keber", "name": "Keber Flores", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/keber", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 105804, "username": "CPLuser", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cpluser", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Shepp et al.", "parsedDate": "1972", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "WFJG684M", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Selective attention and the breadth of learning: An extension of the one-look model.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bryan E.", "lastName": "Shepp" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Deborah G.", "lastName": "Kemler" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel R.", "lastName": "Anderson" } ], "abstractNote": "Notes that when Ss are trained with multiple cues relevant to solution of a discriminative learning or concept identification task, some Ss learn about more than 1 relevant cue, a result that has been considered damaging to \"1-look\" versions of attention theory. It is demonstrated that, to the contrary, a slightly extended version of the D. Zeaman and B. J. House (see PA, Vol. 38:6426) 1-look model can predict multiple-cue learning in the redundant relevant cues experiment and can accommodate the effects of various task and training factors that have been shown to affect the breadth of learning. Moreover, a new version of the 1-look model that assumes all-or-none learning predicts with quantitative rigor the data of T. Trabasso and G. H. Bower on the breadth of learning by adult humans. (35 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)", "publicationTitle": "Psychological Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1972", "volume": "79", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "317-328", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Psychological Review", "DOI": "10.1037/h0032953", "citationKey": "", "url": "file:///tmp/PsycNET-1.html", "accessDate": "2010-04-19T22:19:20Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0033-295X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Selective attention and the breadth of learning", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "0013", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "VRKFDGRK" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-04-20T21:42:09Z", "dateModified": "2010-08-20T14:57:26Z" } }, { "key": "W9I92N76", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 16016, "name": "Models of attention", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/16016/items/W9I92N76", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention/items/W9I92N76", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 217550, "username": "keber", "name": "Keber Flores", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/keber", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 105804, "username": "CPLuser", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cpluser", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Miller and Cohen", "parsedDate": "2001", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "W9I92N76", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Earl K.", "lastName": "Miller" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jonathan D.", "lastName": "Cohen" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Annual Review of Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "03/2001", "volume": "24", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "167-202", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Annu. Rev. Neurosci.", "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146%2Fannurev.neuro.24.1.167", "accessDate": "2010-05-17T22:47:19Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0147-006X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "2557", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-05-17T22:47:19Z", "dateModified": "2010-08-20T14:57:25Z" } }, { "key": "W7KEQ78X", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 16016, "name": "Models of attention", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/16016/items/W7KEQ78X", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention/items/W7KEQ78X", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 217550, "username": "keber", "name": "Keber Flores", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/keber", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 105804, "username": "CPLuser", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cpluser", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hecht-Nielsen and Mckenna", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "W7KEQ78X", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Computational Models for Neuroscience", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert", "lastName": "Hecht-Nielsen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Mckenna" } ], "abstractNote": "Understanding how the human brain represents, stores, and processes information is one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of science today. The cerebral cortex is the seat of most of the mental capabilities that distinguish humans from other animals and, once understood, it will almost certainly lead to a better knowledge of other brain nuclei. Although neuroscience research has been underway for 150 years, very little progress has been made. What is needed is a key concept that will trigger a full understanding of existing information, and will also help to identify future directions for research. This book aims to help identify this key concept. Including contributions from leading experts in the field, it provides an overview of different conceptual frameworks that indicate how some pieces of the neuroscience puzzle fit together. It offers a representative selection of current ideas, concepts, analyses, calculations and computer experiments, and also looks at important advances such as the application of new modeling methodologies. Computational Models for Neuroscience will be essential reading for anyone who needs to keep up-to-date with the latest ideas in computational neuroscience, machine intelligence, and intelligent systems. 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ACM", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2003", "volume": "46", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "52-59", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1145/636772.636798", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://portal.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=636798&type=html&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&CFID=84995022&CFTOKEN=89405270", "accessDate": "2010-04-19T23:19:27Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Models of attention in computing and communication", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACM", "callNumber": "0212", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "VRKFDGRK" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-04-20T21:23:36Z", "dateModified": "2010-08-20T14:57:22Z" } }, { "key": "UW7X6WEJ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 16016, "name": "Models of attention", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/16016/items/UW7X6WEJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention/items/UW7X6WEJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 217550, "username": "keber", "name": "Keber Flores", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/keber", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 105804, "username": "CPLuser", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cpluser", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bundesen", "parsedDate": "1998-08-29", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "UW7X6WEJ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A computational theory of visual attention.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C", "lastName": "Bundesen" } ], "abstractNote": "A computational theory of visual attention is presented. The basic theory (TVA) combines the biased-choice model for single-stimulus recognition with the fixed-capacity independent race model (FIRM) for selection from multi-element displays. TVA organizes a large body of experimental findings on performance in visual recognition and attention tasks. A recent development (CTVA) combines TVA with a theory of perceptual grouping by proximity. CTVA explains effects of perceptual grouping and spatial distance between items in multi-element displays. A new account of spatial focusing is proposed in this paper. The account provides a framework for understanding visual search as an interplay between serial and parallel processes.", "publicationTitle": "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1998-8-29", "volume": "353", "issue": "1373", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1271-1281", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0962-8436", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "0066", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 9770221\nPMCID: 1692331", "tags": [], "collections": [ "VRKFDGRK" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-05-04T13:32:11Z", "dateModified": "2010-08-20T14:57:21Z" } }, { "key": "UJ4TSTPQ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 16016, "name": "Models of attention", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/16016/items/UJ4TSTPQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention/items/UJ4TSTPQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 217550, "username": "keber", "name": "Keber Flores", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/keber", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 105804, "username": "CPLuser", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cpluser", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Belardinelli", "parsedDate": "2006-09-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "UJ4TSTPQ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A biologically plausible robot attention model, based on space and time", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anna", "lastName": "Belardinelli" } ], "abstractNote": "In this work we describe a biological inspired approach to robot attention, developed on the basis of experiments aimed to map human isual search onto robot behaviour, allowing particularly for depth as a further feature in the attention model. By means of a purposely-designed machine we studied dixation zones elicited from scanning paths that were performed during a task drien wandering of subjects' gaze over a cluttered scene. Hence, we defined preference criteria and a utility function accounting for the optimization of visual endeavours. This function would allow a robot to select meaningful spots without the needs to process the whole scene.", "publicationTitle": "Cognitive Processing", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2006-09-01", "volume": "7", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "11-14", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1612-4782", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Open WorldCat", "callNumber": "0003", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Human-robot interaction" }, { "tag": "Spatial cognition" }, { "tag": "Vision-based atention" } ], "collections": [ "VRKFDGRK" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-04-20T20:29:47Z", "dateModified": "2010-08-20T14:57:20Z" } }, { "key": "UJ44FX8H", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 16016, "name": "Models of attention", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/16016/items/UJ44FX8H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention/items/UJ44FX8H", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 217550, "username": "keber", "name": "Keber Flores", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/keber", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 105804, "username": "CPLuser", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cpluser", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bosse et al.", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "UJ44FX8H", "version": 1, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "A Cognitive Model for Visual Attention and Its Application", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tibor", "lastName": "Bosse" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter-Paul van", "lastName": "Maanen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jan", "lastName": "Treur" } ], "abstractNote": "In this paper a cognitive model for visual attention is introduced. The cognitive model is part of the design of a software agent that supports a naval warfare officer in its task to compile a tactical picture of the situation in the field. An executable formal specification of the cognitive model is given and a case study is described in which the model is used to simulate a human subject's attention. The foundation of the model is based on formal specification of representation relations for attentional states, specifying their intended meaning. The model has been automatically verified against these relations.", "proceedingsTitle": "", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "IEEE Computer Society", "place": "", "date": "2006", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "255-262", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "0-7695-2748-5", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1194541.1194556", "accessDate": "2010-04-19T23:20:50Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACM", "callNumber": "0013", "rights": "", "extra": "http://portal.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=1194556&type=pdf&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&CFID=86921860&CFTOKEN=87894023", "tags": [], "collections": [ "VRKFDGRK" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-04-20T20:29:50Z", "dateModified": "2010-08-20T14:57:19Z" } }, { "key": "UHI7MV9H", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 16016, "name": "Models of attention", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/16016/items/UHI7MV9H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/models_of_attention/items/UHI7MV9H", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 217550, "username": "keber", "name": "Keber Flores", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/keber", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 105804, "username": "CPLuser", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cpluser", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Itti", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "UHI7MV9H", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Bayesian surprise attracts human attention", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L", "lastName": "Itti" } ], "abstractNote": "We propose a formal Bayesian definition of surprise to capture subjective aspects of sensory information. Surprise measures how data affects an observer, in terms of differences between posterior and prior beliefs about the world. Only data observations which substantially affect the observer’s beliefs yield surprise, irrespectively of how rare or informative in Shannon’s sense these observations are. We test the framework by quantifying the extent to which humans may orient attention and gaze towards surprising events or items while watching television. To this end, we implement a simple computational model where a low-level, sensory form of surprise is computed by simple simulated early visual neurons. Bayesian surprise is a strong attractor of human attention, with 72% of all gaze shifts directed towards locations more surprising than the average, a figure rising to 84% when focusing the analysis onto regions simultaneously selected by all observers. The proposed theory of surprise is applicable across different spatio-temporal scales, modalities, and levels of abstraction.", "publicationTitle": "Vision research.", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009", "volume": "49", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1295-1306", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0042-6989", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Open WorldCat", "callNumber": "0133", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Attention" }, { "tag": "Bayes Theorem" }, { "tag": "Eye movements" }, { "tag": "Free viewing" }, { "tag": "Information theory" }, { "tag": "Natural vision" }, { "tag": "Novelty" }, { "tag": "Saliency" }, { "tag": "Surprise" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-04-20T20:49:12Z", "dateModified": "2010-08-20T14:57:18Z" } } ]