[ { "key": "22QK97C9", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/22QK97C9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/22QK97C9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Radovanovic et al.", "parsedDate": "1999-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "22QK97C9", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Prevalence and social correlates to consanguinity in Kuwait", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Z", "lastName": "Radovanovic" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N", "lastName": "Shah" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J", "lastName": "Behbehani" } ], "abstractNote": "Background: Kuwait has one of the highest consanguinity rates in the world. Our objectives in this study were to assess the frequency and trend in consanguineous marriages, and to identify factors associated with inbreeding. Patients and Methods: A representative sample of 482 households from the most developed (the Capital), and the least developed (Jahra), of the five governorates in Kuwait was selected. The study involved only Kuwaiti nationals. A structured questionnaire was administered by previously trained team members through a household face-to-face interview. Results: Data were obtained for 959 current or previous marriages. Frequency of total (first and second cousin) consanguinity was much higher in Jahra governorate (42.1%) than the Capital (22.6%). Over the last decade, the inbreeding has decreased in the Capital but not in Jahra. Bivariate analysis indicated that several socioeconomic and demographic variables were significantly associated with consanguinity. The control of confounding factors by logistic regression showed, however, that Bedouin origin and year of marriage were the only variables significantly related to consanguinity. Conclusion: There is a widening gap between Bedouins and non-Bedouins in the practice of consanguinity in Kuwait.", "publicationTitle": "Annals of Saudi Medicine", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1999 May-Jun", "volume": "19", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "206-210", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Ann Saudi Med", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17283454", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T20:11:05Z", "PMID": "17283454", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0256-4947", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-11T02:19:10Z" } }, { "key": "4CCX626E", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/4CCX626E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/4CCX626E", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "el-Hazmi et al.", "parsedDate": "1995-08", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4CCX626E", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Consanguinity among the Saudi Arabian population", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M A", "lastName": "el-Hazmi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A R", "lastName": "al-Swailem" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A S", "lastName": "Warsy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A M", "lastName": "al-Swailem" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R", "lastName": "Sulaimani" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A A", "lastName": "al-Meshari" } ], "abstractNote": "This study was conducted on 3212 Saudi families to investigate the prevalence of consanguineous marriages. The families were interviewed and the information on the relationship between the husband and wife was obtained. The overall rate of consanguinity shows that 57.7% of the families screened were consanguineous. The most frequent were first cousin marriages (28.4%) followed by distant relative marriages (15.2%) and second cousin marriages (14.6%). The families were grouped according to the province of their origin and the consanguinity rates were calculated accordingly. There were slight differences in the consanguinity rates in the five provinces, which ranged from 52.1% to 67.7%. In each province first cousin marriages were the most frequently encountered pattern, ranging from 17.9% to 40.9%. The inbreeding coefficient (F) was calculated for each province and ranged from 0.020 to 0.030. Within each province, there were several significant differences among the populations in the different areas. The highest rate of consanguinity was 80.6% in Samtah and the lowest rate was around 34% in Abha in the South Western province. These results place Saudi Arabia among the countries of the world with a high rate of consanguinity. The possible consequences of increased consanguinity are presented and discussed.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Medical Genetics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Aug 1995", "volume": "32", "issue": "8", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "623-626", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Med. Genet.", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7473654", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T19:35:30Z", "PMID": "7473654", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-2593", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Consanguinity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Diabetes Mellitus", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Geography", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Marriage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle East", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Saudi Arabia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "family", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-11T02:19:10Z" } }, { "key": "FRK7XAC8", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/FRK7XAC8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/FRK7XAC8", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "al-Gazali et al.", "parsedDate": "1997-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FRK7XAC8", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Consanguineous marriages in the United Arab Emirates", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L I", "lastName": "al-Gazali" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Bener" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Y M", "lastName": "Abdulrazzaq" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R", "lastName": "Micallef" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A I", "lastName": "al-Khayat" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T", "lastName": "Gaber" } ], "abstractNote": "This study examines the frequency of consanguineous marriage and the coefficient of inbreeding in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The study was conducted in Al Ain and Dubai cities between October 1994 and March 1995. A sample of 2033 married UAE females aged 15 years and over participated. The degree of consanguinity between each female and her spouse, and the degree of consanguinity between their parents were recorded. The rate of consanguinity in the present generation was high (50.5%) with a coefficient of inbreeding of 0.0222. The commonest type of consanguineous marriage was between first cousins (26.2%). Double first cousin marriages were common (3.5%) compared to other populations. The consanguinity rate in the UAE has increased from 39% to 50.5% in one generation. The level of consanguinity was higher in Al Ain (54.2%) than in Dubai (40%).", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Biosocial Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Oct 1997", "volume": "29", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "491-497", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Biosoc Sci", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9881148", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T19:10:18Z", "PMID": "9881148", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9320", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Consanguinity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Marriage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Questionnaires", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "United Arab Emirates", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Urban Population", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-11T02:19:10Z" } }, { "key": "HWAU34CM", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/HWAU34CM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/HWAU34CM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Khoury and Massad", "parsedDate": "1992-07-15", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HWAU34CM", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Consanguineous marriage in Jordan", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S A", "lastName": "Khoury" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D", "lastName": "Massad" } ], "abstractNote": "We conducted a population-based study of consanguineous marriages in Jordan. About two thousand households were interviewed. First cousin marriages were encountered in 32.03%, second cousin in 6.8%, distant relation in 10.5%, and no relation in 50% of all marriages, respectively. Inbreeding coefficients were compared with those of other countries. The most important variables affecting inbreeding were social tradition, religion, education, and place of residence--urban vs. rural. Secular trends appear rather stable since the early decades of the twentieth century, especially for first cousin marriages. Jordan society showed a deeply rooted traditional behavioral pattern when inbreeding is considered.", "publicationTitle": "American Journal of Medical Genetics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jul 15, 1992", "volume": "43", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "769-775", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Am. J. Med. Genet.", "DOI": "10.1002/ajmg.1320430502", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1642259", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T20:04:32Z", "PMID": "1642259", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0148-7299", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Consanguinity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Educational Status", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Jordan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Marriage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pedigree", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Questionnaires", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Regression Analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Retrospective Studies", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-11T02:19:10Z" } }, { "key": "XIDB98ZT", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/XIDB98ZT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/XIDB98ZT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Klat and Khudr", "parsedDate": "1986", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "XIDB98ZT", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Religious endogamy and consanguinity in marriage patterns in Beirut, Lebanon", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Klat" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Khudr" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Social biology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1986", "volume": "33", "issue": "1-2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "138-45", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "#", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T19:54:39Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0037-766X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "CiteULike", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Consanguinity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Marriage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Religion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "b01050150900649801400112400400", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "class", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "i01880552", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "i01880840755", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "lebanon", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "m01060116", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "n01824782", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "social", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "z01252245500450", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "z01586500450", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-11T02:19:10Z" } }, { "key": "Z2ZP85P3", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/Z2ZP85P3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/Z2ZP85P3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "al-Abdulkareem and Ballal", "parsedDate": "1998-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Z2ZP85P3", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Consanguineous marriage in an urban area of Saudi Arabia: rates and adverse health effects on the offspring", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A A", "lastName": "al-Abdulkareem" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S G", "lastName": "Ballal" } ], "abstractNote": "The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the pattern and time trend of consanguineous marriage and its adverse health effects on the offspring in Dammam city, Eastern Province, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This city is known to attract Saudis from different parts of the country because it is in the heart of this industrial region. Five primary health care centers were randomly selected from different sectors of the city in addition to the city's only Maternity and Children's Hospital. For inclusion in the study a wife must have at least one pregnancy that terminated in either full term liveborn baby, still birth, or abortion. A total of 1307 ever-married Saudis completed a pre-structured questionnaire during an interview. The rate of consanguineous marriage was 52.0% with an average inbreeding coefficient of 0.0312. First-cousin marriages were the commonest (39.3%) of all matings. The consanguineous groups had a significantly higher number of pregnancies. The mean birth weight of the offspring of consanguineous couples was not statistically significant being less than that of the non-consanguineous. However, within the consanguineous groups the more closely related couples had smaller babies on average. No significant differences were noted for the rates of inherited diseases and reproductive wastage. The rate of consanguineous marriage in this city was high and so was the inbreeding coefficient. These figures place this nation among the countries with a high rate of consanguineous marriages. A nationwide study to determine accurately the relationship between consanguinity and inherited diseases has much to commend it.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Community Health", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Feb 1998", "volume": "23", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "75-83", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Community Health", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9526727", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T19:08:38Z", "PMID": "9526727", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0094-5145", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Consanguineous marriage in an urban area of Saudi Arabia", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Abortion, Spontaneous", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Birth Weight", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Community Health Centers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Congenital Abnormalities", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Consanguinity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cross-Sectional Studies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Educational Status", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fetal Death", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Genetic Diseases, Inborn", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Marriage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pregnancy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Questionnaires", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Saudi Arabia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Urban Population", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-11T02:19:09Z" } }, { "key": "6PDN33BP", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/6PDN33BP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/6PDN33BP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Al-Mazrou et al.", "parsedDate": "1995-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6PDN33BP", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Changing marriage age and consanguineous marriage in Saudi females", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Y Y", "lastName": "Al-Mazrou" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S M", "lastName": "Farid" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M U", "lastName": "Khan" } ], "abstractNote": "Current marital age and consanguinity are not precisely known in Saudi Arabia. Saudi National Child Health Survey data were used to examine marital age, consanguinity, status and outcome of marriage of Saudi females. The survey (1987-88) involved interviewing 8482 ever-married urban and rural females by 120 female nurses. The results showed that 16% of young females and about 1% of young males were married before age 20. The rate of first marriage of females under 15 years of age decreased from 33% 20 years earlier to only 3.6% recently. The highest of 90% of females (35 to 39 years) and 98% of males (50 to 54 years) were currently married. Widowhood increased from 8% in the age group 40 to 44 to nearly 54% in those 70 over. Over all, nearly 0.5% of males and 3.4% of females remained widowed and 0.2% of males and 1.2% of females divorced. Thirty-four percent of all marriages were to first cousins in urban areas and 41% in rural areas. Thirty percent of marriages among literate groups and 39% in illiterate groups were consanguineous. Further research is needed to examine the causes and effects of (1) intercousin and (2) delayed marriage of females and (3) the welfare status of widowed and divorced females and their children.", "publicationTitle": "Annals of Saudi Medicine", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Sep 1995", "volume": "15", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "481-485", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Ann Saudi Med", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17590646", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T19:11:41Z", "PMID": "17590646", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0256-4947", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-11T02:19:09Z" } }, { "key": "FV4BCXQZ", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/FV4BCXQZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/FV4BCXQZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hussain and Bittles", "parsedDate": "2004-03", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FV4BCXQZ", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Assessment of association between consanguinity and fertility in Asian populations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rafat", "lastName": "Hussain" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alan H", "lastName": "Bittles" } ], "abstractNote": "Although a high proportion of marriages in Asia are consanguineous (i.e. contracted between close biological relatives), with some notable exceptions, there is a death of demographic and anthropological literature on the association between consanguinity and fertility. This paper presents an overview of the prevalence of consanguineous marriages in selected South and Southeast Asian countries, followed by an assessment of the association between consanguinity and fertility. The association between consanguinity and fertility was assessed reviewing published literature and analyzing demographic and health survey (DHS) data from Pakistan and India. Results of the review of published literature showed higher fertility among women in the first-cousin unions compared to those married to non-relatives. In the DHS analyses, consanguinity was found to be associated with a number of direct and indirect determinants of fertility, including lower maternal education, lower maternal age at marriage, lower contraceptive use, and rural residence. At the multivariate level, adjusted mean fertility was found to be lower among women in the first-cousin unions in the Pakistani DHS data, while for the Indian DHS, adjusted mean fertility levels were similar in the first-cousin and non-consanguineous marriages. The pathways through which consanguinity affects fertility in Asian populations are evaluated and discussed.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Mar 2004", "volume": "22", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-12", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Health Popul Nutr", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15190806", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T19:51:37Z", "PMID": "15190806", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1606-0997", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Age Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Asia, Southeastern", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Consanguinity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Contraception Behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Educational Status", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fertility", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Health Surveys", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "India", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Marriage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Meta-Analysis as Topic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pakistan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pregnancy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Prevalence", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-11T02:19:09Z" } }, { "key": "8T4GJ5KT", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/8T4GJ5KT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/8T4GJ5KT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hussain and Bittles", "parsedDate": "1998-04", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8T4GJ5KT", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The prevalence and demographic characteristics of consanguineous marriages in Pakistan", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R", "lastName": "Hussain" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A H", "lastName": "Bittles" } ], "abstractNote": "Consanguineous marriages are strongly preferred in much of West and South Asia. This paper examines the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of consanguineous unions in Pakistan using local and national data. Information from 1011 ever-married women living in four multi-ethnic and multi-lingual squatter settlements of Karachi, the main commercial centre of the country, are compared with data from the national 1990/91 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS), based on information provided by 6611 women. Both sets of results indicate that approximately 60% of marriages were consanguineous, over 80% of which were between first cousins. The mean coefficients of inbreeding (F) in the present generation were 0.0316 and 0.0331 for the Karachi and PDHS data respectively. In both surveys the prevalence of consanguineous unions appeared to be unchanged over the past three to four decades. Consanguineous unions were more common among women who were illiterate or had only primary level education, were first or second generation migrants from rural areas of Pakistan or, in the PDHS, lived in rural areas, and whose parents were also consanguineously married.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Biosocial Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Apr 1998", "volume": "30", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "261-275", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Biosoc Sci", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9746828", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T19:45:06Z", "PMID": "9746828", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9320", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Consanguinity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "DEMOGRAPHY", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Marriage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pakistan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Prevalence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Questionnaires", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-11T02:19:09Z" } }, { "key": "UAB38EPT", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/UAB38EPT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/UAB38EPT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Jurdi and Saxena", "parsedDate": "2003-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UAB38EPT", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The prevalence and correlates of consanguineous marriages in Yemen: similarities and contrasts with other Arab countries", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rozzet", "lastName": "Jurdi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Prem C", "lastName": "Saxena" } ], "abstractNote": "Using data on 9762 women from the 1997 Yemen Demographic and Maternal and Child Health Survey, this paper examines the prevalence and socioeconomic correlates of consanguineous marriages in Yemen. The results indicate that 40% of marriages are consanguineous, over 85% of which are between first cousins. The prevalence of consanguineous marriages appears to have increased over time, particularly for the last marriage cohort. As for socioeconomic correlates, the study confirms the inverse association between consanguineous marriages and women's education and occupation, age at marriage and economic status. However, no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of consanguinity has been found by place of residence and geographical region. Somewhat unexpected results have been obtained by husband's background characteristics, with higher educated men and those working in the modern sector of the economy being more likely to be married to cousins.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Biosocial Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jan 2003", "volume": "35", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-13", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Biosoc Sci", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12537152", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T19:50:23Z", "PMID": "12537152", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9320", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The prevalence and correlates of consanguineous marriages in Yemen", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Africa", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Arabs", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Consanguinity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Logistic Models", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Marriage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle East", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Multivariate Analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Socioeconomic Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Yemen", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-11T02:19:09Z" } }, { "key": "IH6GB9HX", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/IH6GB9HX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/IH6GB9HX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hussein", "parsedDate": "2000", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IH6GB9HX", "version": 4, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "The effect of marriage preferences on women's autonomy: a case study", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rafat", "lastName": "Hussein" } ], "abstractNote": "In: Pakistan's population issues in the 21st century. Conference proceedings Oct 24th - 26th, 2000, Karachi, [compiled by] Population Association of Pakistan. Islamabad, Pakistan, Population Association of Pakistan, 2001. :117-33.\nAbstract: This case study explores the effect of close cousin marriage patterns on women's autonomy in Pakistan. Data are obtained from a qualitative study in Karachi comprising 15 focus group discussions with 114 female participants and 294 semi- structured, in-depth interviews with ever-married women aged 30 years and older. Information on four domains of female autonomy (decision-making, physical, emotional and economic) was explicitly sought in both the group discussions and in-depth interviews. Findings show a continuing strong preference for close cousin unions across all ethnic and religious groups. The key underlying rationale was the socio-cultural advantage such marriages offered in terms of the convenience of finding a suitable bride or a groom. However, there also appeared to be considerable ambivalence surrounding the benefits of kinship marriages. It is noted that women in close cousin unions consistently reported having less autonomy across three of the four domains--decision-making, emotional and economic--in many of the issues affecting their lives. This sense of disempowerment was independent of the type of living arrangement but was perpetuated by the fact that women in close cousin unions often had lower level of education and a younger age at marriage. With regard to the wider implications of the effect of marriage preferences on women's health and to delineate the impact of kinship structures on female autonomy, a need for more detailed qualitative research is indicated.", "proceedingsTitle": "Pakistan's population issues in the 21st century", "conferenceName": "Population Association of Pakistan", "publisher": "", "place": "Islamabad", "date": "2000", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-11T02:19:09Z" } }, { "key": "GJ7H6FDV", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/GJ7H6FDV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/GJ7H6FDV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tunçbílek and Koc", "parsedDate": "1994-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GJ7H6FDV", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Consanguineous marriage in Turkey and its impact on fertility and mortality", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E", "lastName": "Tunçbílek" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I", "lastName": "Koc" } ], "abstractNote": "Turkey has a high rate of consanguineous marriage (21.1%), indicating strong preference for this traditional form of marital union. Social and cultural factors are especially important in marriages between first and second cousins. Fertility is high, the closed birth interval is long, and the sterility rate is low among these couples. Post-neonatal, infant and under-5 mortalities are high in first cousin unions by comparison with non-consanguineous marriages. According to the results of the study, first cousin marriage is a significant determinant underlying the high total fertility and infant mortality rates in Turkey.", "publicationTitle": "Annals of Human Genetics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Oct 1994", "volume": "58", "issue": "Pt 4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "321-329", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Ann. Hum. Genet.", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7864588", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T20:19:54Z", "PMID": "7864588", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0003-4800", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child, Preschool", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Consanguinity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fertility", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Infant", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Infant Mortality", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Infant, Newborn", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Population Surveillance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pregnancy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Turkey", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-11T02:19:08Z" } }, { "key": "8SIFFVTM", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/8SIFFVTM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/8SIFFVTM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nabulsi", "parsedDate": "1995", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8SIFFVTM", "version": 6, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Mating patterns of the Abbad tribe in Jordan", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Nabulsi" } ], "abstractNote": "The mating patterns of the Abbad tribe in Jordan are examined based on empirical data obtained from four male samples representing the different levels of the Abbad's substructure as well as on nonempirical information and pedigrees collected during field work. From the total matings in each sample, at least one-third were first-cousin marriages, and some 90 per cent were marriages within the Abbad. The estimated inbreeding coefficient (mean F = 0.018) was relatively high. Relatedness, geographic locality, maternal links, and the type of economy are suggested as the factors which influenced the mating behavior of the Abbad. The study also indicates the vital role of matings in the formation and make-up of the tribe. The Abbad tribe could be described as an endogamic population consisting of more or less inbreeding subunits.", "publicationTitle": "Social Biology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1995 Fall-Winter", "volume": "42", "issue": "3-4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "162-174", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Soc Biol", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8738543", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T20:10:07Z", "PMID": "8738543", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0037-766X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ethnic Groups", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Inbreeding", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Jordan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Marriage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pedigree", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-11T02:19:07Z" } }, { "key": "8TTW9DKD", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/8TTW9DKD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/8TTW9DKD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Audinarayana and Krishnamoorthy", "parsedDate": "2000", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8TTW9DKD", "version": 6, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Contribution of social and cultural factors to the decline in consanguinity in south India", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N", "lastName": "Audinarayana" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S", "lastName": "Krishnamoorthy" } ], "abstractNote": "The data from the National Family Health Survey, 1992-1993, show that the extent of consanguinity is high (34.7 percent) in South India; 26.2 percent of women married close blood relatives, and 8.5 percent of women married distant blood relatives. A definite downward trend in the proportion of marriages between close blood relatives is observed. Education, age at marriage, religion and caste, and urban-rural childhood residence have significant independent effects on consanguinity. The multinomial logistic regression analysis reveals that in South India the downward trend in the proportion of marriages between close blood relatives is entirely explained by rising age at marriage and women's education over time.", "publicationTitle": "Social Biology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2000 Fall-Winter", "volume": "47", "issue": "3-4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "189-200", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Soc Biol", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12055694", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T19:14:58Z", "PMID": "12055694", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0037-766X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Age Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Consanguinity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Educational Status", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "India", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Logistic Models", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Marriage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Multivariate Analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Socioeconomic Factors", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-11T02:19:07Z" } }, { "key": "5TVRZF2G", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/5TVRZF2G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/5TVRZF2G", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hamamy et al.", "parsedDate": "2005-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5TVRZF2G", "version": 6, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Consanguineous marriages in Jordan: why is the rate changing with time?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H", "lastName": "Hamamy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L", "lastName": "Jamhawi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J", "lastName": "Al-Darawsheh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K", "lastName": "Ajlouni" } ], "abstractNote": "The objective of this study was to explore the secular trend in consanguinity in Jordan and the subtypes of consanguineous marriages that may be undergoing a change. A total of 1032 individuals attending a diabetic clinic in Amman were interviewed. The questionnaire provided information on consanguinity status and date of marriage among three generations: the persons interviewed, their parents, parents of their spouses and their offspring. Data on consanguinity status among 5401 marriages was obtained. Generations were named generation 1 for marriages contracted before 1950, generation 2 for marriages contracted between 1950 and 1979, and generation 3 for marriages contracted after 1980. For generations 1, 2, and 3, first-cousin marriages constituted 20.2, 28.5 and 19.5% of all marriages, respectively, while the subtype of paternal parallel first-cousin marriages constituted 75.6, 60.3 and 43.3% of all first-cousin marriages, respectively. The offspring of first-cousin parents were significantly more prone to marry their relatives than the offspring of non-consanguineous parents, with rates of first-cousin marriages among offspring of first-cousin parents and non-related parents constituting 25.3 and 17.1% of all marriages, respectively. For generations 1, 2 and 3, the average coefficient of inbreeding was 0.0135, 0.02 and 0.0142, respectively. In conclusion, first-cousin marriage rate among a representative population from Amman showed a significant decline among marriages contracted after 1980 compared to marriages contracted between 1950 and 1979, but not to marriages contracted before 1950. The proportion of paternal parallel first cousins among first-cousin marriages showed a steady decline from one generation to the next.", "publicationTitle": "Clinical Genetics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jun 2005", "volume": "67", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "511-516", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Clin. Genet.", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00426.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15857418", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T20:04:50Z", "PMID": "15857418", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0009-9163", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Consanguineous marriages in Jordan", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Consanguinity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Jordan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Marriage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Questionnaires", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-11T02:19:07Z" } }, { "key": "IMMD34KZ", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/IMMD34KZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/IMMD34KZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Khlat", "parsedDate": "1988", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IMMD34KZ", "version": 6, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Consanguineous marriages in Beirut: time trends, spatial distribution", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Khlat" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Social Biology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1988 Fall-Winter", "volume": "35", "issue": "3-4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "324-330", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Soc Biol", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3241995", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T20:02:13Z", "PMID": "3241995", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0037-766X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Consanguineous marriages in Beirut", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Consanguinity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Islam", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Marriage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Occupations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Urbanization", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "lebanon", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-11T02:19:07Z" } }, { "key": "URX6RQGT", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/URX6RQGT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/URX6RQGT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Khlat", "parsedDate": "1988-08", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "URX6RQGT", "version": 6, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Social correlates of consanguineous marriages in Beirut: a population-based study", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Khlat" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Human Biology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Aug 1988", "volume": "60", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "541-548", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Hum. Biol.", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3262081", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T20:03:10Z", "PMID": "3262081", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0018-7143", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Social correlates of consanguineous marriages in Beirut", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Consanguinity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cross-Sectional Studies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cultural Characteristics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Culture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Marriage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Random Allocation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Socioeconomic Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "lebanon", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-11T02:19:06Z" } }, { "key": "UKKSRCW7", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/UKKSRCW7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/UKKSRCW7", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/7EVDD3FT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "UKKSRCW7", "version": 4, "parentItem": "7EVDD3FT", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T19:33:39Z", "url": "http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=ETRU_184_0217", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "resume.html", "md5": "c7b14aec3ed24372271f0c5b66add589", "mtime": 1365217402000, "tags": [ { "tag": "#duplicate_attachments" } ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-11T00:44:57Z" } }, { "key": "MFIUPIGX", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/MFIUPIGX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/MFIUPIGX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/7EVDD3FT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "MFIUPIGX", "version": 4, "parentItem": "7EVDD3FT", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T19:33:45Z", "url": "http://www.cairn.info/revue-etudes-rurales-2009-2-p-217.htm", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "revue-etudes-rurales-2009-2-p-217.html", "md5": "df4fe5647fa27df544ee2f55bce86409", "mtime": 1365217401000, "tags": [ { "tag": "#duplicate_attachments" } ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-11T00:44:57Z" } }, { "key": "GI9RFKQU", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/GI9RFKQU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/GI9RFKQU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hafez et al.", "parsedDate": "1983-02", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "GI9RFKQU", "version": 6, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Consanguineous matings in the Egyptian population.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Hafez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H", "lastName": "El-Tahan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Awadalla" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H", "lastName": "El-Khayat" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Abdel-Gafar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Ghoneim" } ], "abstractNote": "A total of 26 554 Egyptians was ascertained to study the incidence of consanguineous marriages. They were of different ages, different socioeconomic standards, and from different areas. There were 7646 from urban areas, 11 280 from suburban areas, and 7628 from rural areas. The incidence of consanguineous matings in the general population was found to be 28.96% with an average inbreeding coefficient of 0.010, which could be considered high. The highest incidence was that in the rural areas. First cousin marriages occurred more often than the other types of consanguinity.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Medical Genetics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1983-2", "volume": "20", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "58-60", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Med Genet", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "6842535", "PMCID": "1048987", "ISSN": "0022-2593", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z" } }, { "key": "S5MK9CIS", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/S5MK9CIS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/S5MK9CIS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Khlat", "parsedDate": "1988-08", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "S5MK9CIS", "version": 6, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Consanguineous marriage and reproduction in Beirut, Lebanon.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Khlat" } ], "abstractNote": "Effects of consanguineous marriages on couples' fertility and on offspring mortality were investigated in Beirut through a population-based health survey of 2,752 households. A multistage random sampling procedure was used, and information was obtained from all ever-married women in the household about their reproductive performance and genealogical relationship with spouse; demographic and socioeconomic information was also recorded. Twenty-five percent of all marriages were between relatives, and the spouses were first cousins in approximately 57% of all consanguineous marriages. Total pregnancies, live births, and living children were significantly higher among consanguineous couples than among nonconsanguineous ones, as was the proportion dead among children ever born. However, no difference remained in either fertility or mortality, when allowance was made for socioeconomic status, religious affiliation, and marriage duration. The issue of confounding is discussed, and the lack of significant pattern in the final analysis is interpreted as resulting from a long-term practice of consanguineous marriages.", "publicationTitle": "American Journal of Human Genetics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1988-8", "volume": "43", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "188-196", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Hum Genet", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "3400644", "PMCID": "1715345", "ISSN": "0002-9297", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z" } }, { "key": "I85WTN8R", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/I85WTN8R", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/I85WTN8R", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/PW99TER2", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "I85WTN8R", "version": 3, "parentItem": "PW99TER2", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Wiley Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T19:25:34Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1525/ae.1984.11.4.02a00070/asset/ae.1984.11.4.02a00070.pdf?v=1&t=gxnlngxr&s=da4de402ed60394896a3830fa5892220781ec5f4", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Bradburd - 1984 - the rules and the game the practice of marriage a.pdf", "md5": "c839e4ba71639032971935df2aac77e6", "mtime": 1365217404000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z" } }, { "key": "E4IJTWRR", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/E4IJTWRR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/E4IJTWRR", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/7MH8STQA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "E4IJTWRR", "version": 3, "parentItem": "7MH8STQA", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T19:23:43Z", "url": "http://ant.sagepub.com/content/7/4/393.full.pdf+html?frame=sidebar", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "393.full.html", "md5": "6891bcfc946fca3db433e1842e3c146f", "mtime": 1365217404000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z" } }, { "key": "RKJKMF6E", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/RKJKMF6E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/RKJKMF6E", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/7MH8STQA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RKJKMF6E", "version": 3, "parentItem": "7MH8STQA", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T19:23:48Z", "url": "http://ant.sagepub.com/content/7/4/393.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Leavitt - 2007 - The incest taboo.pdf", "md5": "1a77191e42e083fc0a49a288157c84f3", "mtime": 1365217404000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z", "dateModified": "2013-04-06T03:03:15Z" } }, { "key": "D6C9AUQI", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 159356, "name": "Consanguinity", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/D6C9AUQI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/consanguinity/items/D6C9AUQI", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/159356/items/SUVTDDKX", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 243275, "username": "colinodden", "name": "Colin Odden", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colinodden", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "D6C9AUQI", "version": 3, "parentItem": "SUVTDDKX", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "JSTOR Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2012-01-20T20:08:17Z", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3773581.pdf?acceptTC=true", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Gideon M. 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