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            "note": "<p>Akihito urodził się 23 grudnia 1933 jako piąte dziecko (pierwszy syn) cesarza <a title=\"Hirohito\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Hirohito</a></p>\n<p>(Shōwa) i cesarzowej <a title=\"Nagako\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Nagako</a> (Kōjun). W 1936, w wieku trzech lat, został odseparowany od swych  rodziców. Cesarz ma cztery starsze siostry, jednego młodszego brata oraz  jedną młodszą siostrę.</p>\n<p>Wykształcenie podstawowe i średnie zdobył w <a title=\"Gakushūin\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Gakushūin</a>, ówczesnej szkole Ministerstwa Dworu Cesarskiego (w późniejszych latach stała się instytucją prywatną).</p>\n<p>W 1944 Akihito wraz ze swym młodszym bratem został ewakuowany do <a title=\"Nikkō\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Nikkō</a> po niespodziewanym ataku amerykańskich bombowców na <a title=\"Tokio\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Tokio</a>.</p>\n<p>W latach 1947–1950 książę Akihito uczył się języka angielskiego, a jego nauczycielką była Elizabeth Gray Vining.</p>\n<p>10 listopada 1951 Akihito otrzymał Wielką Wstęgę Najwyższego <a title=\"Najwyższy Order Chryzantemy\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Orderu Chryzantemy</a>.  W 1952 odbyła się ceremonia z okazji osiągnięcia przez niego  pełnoletności oraz ogłoszenia go następcą tronu. W dniu 2 czerwca 1953  reprezentował on Japonię na uroczystości koronacji królowej <a title=\"Wielka Brytania\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Wielkiej Brytanii</a>, <a title=\"Elżbieta II\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Elżbiety II</a>. Była to jego pierwsza zamorska podróż jako następcy tronu. Podczas tej samej uroczystości król <a title=\"Norwegia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Norwegii</a>, <a title=\"Haakon VII\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Haakon VII</a>, nadał mu <a title=\"Order św. Olafa\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Krzyż Wielki Orderu Św. Olafa</a>.</p>\n<p>W latach 1952–1956 studiował nauki polityczne i ekonomiczne na  Uniwersytecie Gakushūin. W uzupełnieniu swoich studiów cesarz Akihito  otrzymał wykształcenie specjalistyczne w takich dziedzinach, jak  historia Japonii i prawo konstytucyjne.</p>\n<p>W dniu 10 kwietnia 1959, pomimo negatywnej opinii swojego ojca i rodziny panny młodej, Akihito wziął ślub z <a title=\"Michiko Shōda\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Michiko Shōda</a>,  córką japońskiego przemysłowca z branży młynarskiej. Zgodnie z prawem  dworu cesarskiego, Rada Dworu Cesarskiego, której przewodniczy premier,  udziełiła zgody na zawarcie tego małżeństwa.</p>\n<p>Do czasu intronizacji Akihito pełnił szereg funkcji reprezentacyjnych  jako następca tronu. Złożył oficjalne wizyty w następujących krajach: <a title=\"Afganistan\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Afganistan</a>, <a title=\"Arabia Saudyjska\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Arabia Saudyjska</a>, <a title=\"Australia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Australia</a>, <a title=\"Argentyna\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Argentyna</a>, <a title=\"Belgia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Belgia</a>, <a title=\"Brazylia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Brazylia</a>, <a title=\"Bułgaria\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Bułgaria</a>, <a title=\"Dania\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Dania</a>, <a title=\"Etiopia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Etiopia</a>, <a title=\"Filipiny\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Filipiny</a>, <a title=\"Finlandia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Finlandia</a>, <a title=\"Hiszpania\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Hiszpania</a>, <a title=\"Indie\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Indie</a>, <a title=\"Indonezja\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Indonezja</a>, <a title=\"Iran\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Iran</a>, <a title=\"Irlandia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Irlandia</a>, <a title=\"Jordania\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Jordania</a>, <a title=\"Jugosławia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Jugosławia</a>, <a title=\"Kenia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Kenia</a>, <a title=\"Malezja\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Malezja</a>, <a title=\"Meksyk\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Meksyk</a>, <a title=\"Nepal\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Nepal</a>, <a title=\"Nowa Zelandia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Nowa Zelandia</a>, <a title=\"Norwegia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Norwegia</a>, <a title=\"Pakistan\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Pakistan</a>, <a title=\"Paragwaj\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Paragwaj</a>, <a title=\"Peru\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Peru</a>, <a title=\"Rumunia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Rumunia</a>, <a title=\"Senegal\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Senegal</a>, <a title=\"Singapur\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Singapur</a>, <a title=\"Sri Lanka\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Sri Lanka</a>, <a title=\"Stany Zjednoczone\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Stany Zjednoczone</a>, <a title=\"Szwecja\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Szwecja</a>, <a title=\"Tajlandia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Tajlandia</a>, <a title=\"Tanzania\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Tanzania</a>, <a title=\"Wielka Brytania\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Wielka Brytania</a> i <a title=\"Zair\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Zair</a> (obecnie <a title=\"Demokratyczna Republika Konga\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Demokratyczna Republika Konga</a>). Był też honorowym przewodniczącym na wielu imprezach i igrzyskach sportowych.</p>\n<p>Cesarz jest z zamiłowania <a title=\"Ichtiologia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">ichtiologiem</a>. Przez wiele lat prowadził badania <a title=\"Taksonomia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">taksonomiczne</a> nad <a title=\"Babkowate (ryby)\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">rybami babkowatymi</a> i do dziś jest uznanym ekspertem. Jest współautorem pierwszej,  ilustrowanej książki o rybach występujących w wodach Japonii pt.: <em>Ryby Archipelagu Japońskiego</em> wydanej w 1984. W 1986 został honorowym członkiem <a class=\"new\" title=\"London Linnean Society (strona nie istnieje)\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">London Linnean Society</a> za swoje badania w tej dziedzinie. Należy do licznych klubów i stowarzyszeń zajmujących się tą dziedziną nauki.</p>\n<h3 class=\"modifiedSectionTitle\"><span id=\"Akihito_jako_cesarz\" class=\"mw-headline\">Akihito jako cesarz</span></h3>\n<p>7 stycznia 1989 zmarł cesarz <a title=\"Hirohito\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Hirohito</a> i Akihito został 125. cesarzem <a title=\"Japonia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Japonii</a>, kontynuatorem nieprzerwanej od setek lat dynastii. Ceremonia intronizacji Akihito odbyła się w <a title=\"Tokio\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Tokio</a> 12 listopada 1990. Nowy cesarz ogłosił okres swego panowania erą <em><a title=\"Heisei\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Heisei</a></em> <span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">(<a title=\"Język japoński\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">jap.</a> <span class=\"t_nihongo_kanji\" lang=\"ja\">平成</span><span class=\"t_nihongo_help\"><sup><a title=\"Pomoc:Wyświetlanie czcionek azjatyckich\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\"><span class=\"t_nihongo_icon\" style=\"color: #0000ee; font: bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration: none; padding: 0.1em;\">?</span></a></sup></span>)</span>, czyli <em>budowaniem pokoju</em>.  Wbrew wcześniejszym przypuszczeniom, nie zaprzestał zagranicznych  podróży. Jako głowa państwa odwiedził ponad 40 krajów, a wraz ze swą  małżonką odbył 6 oficjalnych podróży. W 1998 królowa Wielkiej Brytanii <a title=\"Elżbieta II\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Elżbieta II</a> nadała cesarzowi Akihito <a title=\"Order Podwiązki\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Order Podwiązki</a>. Ponadto został odznaczony <a title=\"Order Wschodzącego Słońca\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Orderem Wschodzącego Słońca</a> i <a title=\"Order Świętego Skarbu\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Orderem Świętego Skarbu</a>.</p>\n<p>7 lipca 2005 Akihito wraz z małżonką odwiedził wyspę <a title=\"Saipan\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Saipan</a>, gdzie w czerwcu 1944 rozegrała się ogromna <a title=\"Walki o archipelag Marianów\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">bitwa</a> pomiędzy Japończykami a wojskiem USA. Zginęło tam ponad 40 tys. Japończyków.</p>\n<p>Cesarz odwiedził najważniejsze miejsca, złożył kwiaty i modlił się na  grobach żołnierzy japońskich i amerykańskich. Wygłosił kilka ważnych  przemówień, w których przeprosił <a title=\"Stany Zjednoczone\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">USA</a> i państwa wschodnioazjatyckie za zbrodnie, których Japończycy dokonali podczas <a title=\"II wojna światowa\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">II wojny światowej</a>. Wydarzenie to było bardzo szeroko komentowane w <a title=\"Prasa (media)\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">prasie</a> japońskiej i dalekowschodniej.</p>\n<p>23 grudnia 2001, podczas przemówienia z balkonu Pałacu Cesarskiego w dniu <a title=\"Urodziny cesarza Japonii\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">swoich urodzin</a> Akihito powiedział, że czuje \"pewne pokrewieństwo z Koreą\", które uzasadnił tym, że matka <a title=\"Kammu\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">cesarza Kammu</a> była z pochodzenia Koreanką i w żyłach Akihito, dalekiego potomka  Kammu, płynie pewna część koreańskiej krwi. W dalszej części mowy cesarz  wspomniał o wielkiej roli Korei w rozwoju kultury, języka i <a title=\"Buddyzm\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">buddyzmu</a> w <a title=\"Japonia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Japonii</a>. co miało wpływ na napięte stosunki japońsko-południowokoreańskie.</p>",
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            "note": "<p><strong>Cesarz Kōkaku</strong> <span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">(<a title=\"Język japoński\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">jap.</a> <span class=\"t_nihongo_kanji\" lang=\"ja\">光格天皇</span> <em><span class=\"t_nihongo_romaji\">Kōkaku <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Tennō\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">tennō</a></span></em><span class=\"t_nihongo_help\"><sup><a title=\"Pomoc:Wyświetlanie czcionek azjatyckich\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\"><span class=\"t_nihongo_icon\" style=\"color: #00e; font: bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration: none; padding: 0.1em;\">?</span></a></sup></span>, ur. <a title=\"23 września\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">23 września</a> <a title=\"1771\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1771</a>, zm. <a title=\"11 grudnia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">11 grudnia</a> <a title=\"1840\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1840</a>)</span> − 119. <a title=\"Cesarze Japonii\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">cesarz Japonii</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-kunaicho_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">[1]</a></sup>, według tradycyjnego porządku dziedziczenia<sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">[2]</a></sup>.</p>\n<p>Przed wstąpieniem na tron nosił imię książę Tomohito <span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">(<a title=\"Język japoński\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">jap.</a> <span class=\"t_nihongo_kanji\" lang=\"ja\">兼仁親王</span> <em><span class=\"t_nihongo_romaji\">Tomohito-shinnō</span></em><span class=\"t_nihongo_help\"><sup><a title=\"Pomoc:Wyświetlanie czcionek azjatyckich\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\"><span class=\"t_nihongo_icon\" style=\"color: #00e; font: bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration: none; padding: 0.1em;\">?</span></a></sup></span>)</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">[3]</a></sup>.</p>\n<p>Kōkaku panował w latach <a title=\"1779\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1779</a>-<a title=\"1817\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1817</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">[4]</a></sup>.</p>\n<h2 class=\"modifiedSectionTitle\"><span id=\"Biografia\" class=\"mw-headline\">Biografia</span></h2>\n<p>Kōkaku nie pochodził z właściwej linii japońskiego rodu cesarskiego, lecz z odgałęzienia <strong>Kanin</strong>, jednej z pięciu gałęzi <a title=\"Japonia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">japońskiego</a> <a title=\"Ród\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">rodu</a> cesarskiego. Był synem Sukehito, dalekiego kuzyna cesarza. W  dzieciństwie żył blisko cesarza, jednak nikt nie spodziewał się, że  zostanie jego następcą. <a title=\"Cesarz\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Cesarz</a> <a title=\"Go-Momozono\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Go-Momozono</a>, który nie doczekał się syna, umierając w <a title=\"1779\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1779</a>, na łożu śmierci adoptował ośmioletniego Morohito i wyznaczył go na swego następcę. <a title=\"16 grudnia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">16 grudnia</a> <a title=\"1779\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1779</a> odbyła się intronizacja.</p>\n<p>Podczas rządów Kōkaku dwór cesarski odzyskał autorytet wśród ludu. Cesarz złożył propozycję pomocy <a title=\"Ród Tokugawa\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">siogunatowi Tokugawa</a> i rozpoczął negocjacje z <a title=\"Rosja\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Rosją</a> na temat sporu rosyjsko-japońskiego o tereny <a title=\"Japonia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Japonii</a> północnej. Dzięki temu zyskał uznanie rodu <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Tokugawa\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Tokugawa</a>.</p>\n<p>Kōkaku był nadzwyczaj utalentowany i posiadał wielką chęć do nauki. Zbudował w <a title=\"Japonia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Japonii</a> wiele świątyń. Organizował świąteczne ceremonie na dworze cesarskim i obrzędy świąteczne.</p>\n<p>Na tronie cesarskim panował 31 lat. <a title=\"7 maja\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">7 maja</a> <a title=\"1817\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1817</a> <a title=\"Abdykacja\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">abdykował</a> na rzecz swojego czwartego syna, cesarza <a title=\"Ninkō\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Ninkō</a>. Po jego abdykacji, były cesarz był znany jako <em>Sentō-gosho</em> <span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">(<a title=\"Język japoński\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">jap.</a> <span class=\"t_nihongo_kanji\" lang=\"ja\">仙洞御所</span><span class=\"t_nihongo_help\"><sup><a title=\"Pomoc:Wyświetlanie czcionek azjatyckich\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\"><span class=\"t_nihongo_icon\" style=\"color: #00e; font: bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration: none; padding: 0.1em;\">?</span></a></sup></span>)</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">[5]</a></sup>.</p>\n<p>Kōkaku żył w czasie, gdy cesarze żyli bardzo krótko i najczęściej ginęli. Był pierwszym monarchą <a title=\"Japonia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Japonii</a> od czasów cesarza <a title=\"Ōgimachi\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Ōgimachi</a>, który przeżył więcej niż 40 lat, będąc na tronie. Miał łącznie siedem <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Żona\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">żon</a> i osiemnaścioro dzieci (w tym ośmiu synów). Zmarł <a title=\"11 grudnia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">11 grudnia</a> <a title=\"1840\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1840</a>, w wieku 69 lat.</p>\n<p>Mauzoleum Kōkaku znajduje się w <a title=\"Kioto\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Kioto</a>. Nazywa się <em>Nochi-no tsuki-no wa-no misasagi</em></p>",
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            "note": "<p>W grudniu 2008 cesarz miał przyjąć prezydenta Lecha Kaczyńskiego podczas jego oficjalnej wizyty w Japonii. Zły stan zdrowia monarchy  (nieregularny puls, skoki ciśnienia, nagły ból w piersiach) spowodował  jednak odwołanie spotkania<br /><br />DUM DUM DUM DUM~</p>",
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            "note": "<p><strong>Hirohito</strong> <span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">(<a title=\"Język japoński\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">jap.</a> <span class=\"t_nihongo_kanji\" lang=\"ja\">裕仁</span> <em><span class=\"t_nihongo_romaji\">Hirohito</span></em><span class=\"t_nihongo_help\"><sup><a title=\"Pomoc:Wyświetlanie czcionek azjatyckich\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\"><span class=\"t_nihongo_icon\" style=\"color: #00e; font: bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration: none; padding: 0.1em;\">?</span></a></sup></span>, ur. <a title=\"29 kwietnia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">29 kwietnia</a> <a title=\"1901\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1901</a> w <a title=\"Tokio\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Tokio</a>, zm. <a title=\"7 stycznia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">7 stycznia</a> <a title=\"1989\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1989</a> tamże)</span> – 124. cesarz <a title=\"Japonia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Japonii</a>,  panujący w latach 1926–1989. Zgodnie ze zwyczajem, cesarz Japonii po  śmierci otrzymuje imię epoki, w czasie której panował. Z tego powodu  obecnie nazywany jest <strong>cesarzem Shōwa</strong> <span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">(<a title=\"Język japoński\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">jap.</a> <span class=\"t_nihongo_kanji\" lang=\"ja\">昭和天皇</span> <em><span class=\"t_nihongo_romaji\">Shōwa tennō</span></em><span class=\"t_nihongo_help\"><sup><a title=\"Pomoc:Wyświetlanie czcionek azjatyckich\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\"><span class=\"t_nihongo_icon\" style=\"color: #00e; font: bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration: none; padding: 0.1em;\">?</span></a></sup></span>)</span></p>\n<p>Hirohito został regentem w 1921, gdy jego ojciec, <a title=\"Yoshihito\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Yoshihito</a>,  wycofał się z życia publicznego z powodu choroby umysłowej. 25 grudnia  1926, po śmierci Yoshihito, został cesarzem. Jako nazwę okresu jego  panowania przyjęto <a title=\"Shōwa\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Shōwa</a> (Oświecony Pokój). Był najdłużej panującym cesarzem w <a title=\"Historia Japonii\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">historii Japonii</a>.</p>\n<p>W początkowych latach rządów Hirohito w Japonii narastały tendencje  militarystyczno-nacjonalistyczne, które doprowadziły do działań mających  na celu podbój <a title=\"Azja\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Azji</a>. W 1940 Japonia zawarła pakt z <a title=\"Niemcy\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Niemcami</a> i <a title=\"Włochy\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Włochami</a> i zmilitaryzowała gospodarkę. Hirohito był temu przeciwny, ale realnie  nie posiadał dostatecznej władzy, aby przeciwstawić się działaniom  kolejnych rządów.</p>\n<p>Po kapitulacji <a title=\"Japonia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Japonii</a> w 1945 zachował godność cesarza, utracił jednak przysługujący mu  wcześniej status boski, a jego rola została ograniczona do  reprezentacyjnej. Zmarł 7 stycznia 1989 w wieku 87 lat, po 62 latach  panowania.</p>",
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            "note": "<p><strong>Cesarzowa Go-Sakuramachi</strong> <span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">(<a title=\"Język japoński\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">jap.</a> <span class=\"t_nihongo_kanji\" lang=\"ja\">後桜町天皇</span> <em><span class=\"t_nihongo_romaji\">Go-Sakuramachi tennō</span></em><span class=\"t_nihongo_help\"><sup><a title=\"Pomoc:Wyświetlanie czcionek azjatyckich\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\"><span class=\"t_nihongo_icon\" style=\"color: #00e; font: bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration: none; padding: 0.1em;\">?</span></a></sup></span>, ur. <a title=\"23 września\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">23 września</a> <a title=\"1740\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1740</a>, zm. <a title=\"24 grudnia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">24 grudnia</a> <a title=\"1813\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1813</a>)</span> − 117. <a title=\"Cesarz\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">cesarzowa</a> <a title=\"Japonia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Japonii</a>, ostatnia z ośmiu japońskich cesarzy-kobiet. Panowała w latach <a title=\"1762\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1762</a>-<a title=\"1771\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1771</a>. Jej własnym imieniem było Toshiko (智子).</p>\n<h2 class=\"modifiedSectionTitle\"><span id=\"Biografia\" class=\"mw-headline\">Biografia</span></h2>\n<p>Go-Sakuramachi urodziła się 23 września 1740, jako druga córka cesarza <a title=\"Sakuramachi\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Sakuramachi</a>. Jej starsza siostra zmarła jako dziecko, a jej brat po śmierci ojca, kiedy miała 7 lat, został cesarzem <a title=\"Momozono\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Momozono</a>. <a title=\"30 sierpnia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">30 sierpnia</a> <a title=\"1762\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1762</a> Momozono zmarł. Na podstawie dekretu wydanego przez Momozono za jego  życia, następcą tronu miała zostać jego starsza siostra, ponieważ jego  syn, Hidehito (późniejszy <a title=\"Go-Momozono\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Go-Momozono</a>), był za młody. <a title=\"15 września\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">15 września</a> <a title=\"1762\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1762</a> odbyła się jej intronizacja.</p>\n<p>Go-Sakuramachi zasiadała na cesarskim tronie przez dziewięć lat. <a title=\"9 stycznia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">9 stycznia</a> <a title=\"1771\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1771</a> <a title=\"Abdykacja\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">abdykowała</a> na rzecz swego bratanka, właściwego następcy <a title=\"Tron\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">tronu</a>, Go-Momozono. Była cesarzowa miała nadzieję, że Go-Momozono będzie panował długo, jednak ten zmarł już po ośmiu latach, w <a title=\"1779\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1779</a>,  nie doczekawszy się syna. Wtedy Go-Sakuramachi przedyskutowała ze  starszymi członkami dworu decyzję podjętą na łożu śmierci przez swego  bratanka, dotyczącą adopcji Moruhito, syna dalekiego kuzyna Sukehito, i  zgodziła się na nią (inne źródła mówią, że to ona wybrała Moruhito na  przyszłego cesarza).</p>\n<p>Go-Sakuramachi zmarła w wieku 73 lat, <a title=\"24 grudnia\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">24 grudnia</a> <a title=\"1813\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1813</a>. Nigdy nie wyszła za mąż i nie miała dzieci. Napisała <a title=\"Książka\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">książkę</a> pt. <em>Kinchū-nenjū no koto</em> <span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">(<a title=\"Język japoński\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">jap.</a> <span class=\"t_nihongo_kanji\" lang=\"ja\">禁中年中の事</span> <em><span class=\"t_nihongo_romaji\">Sprawy z lat na dworze cesarskim</span></em><span class=\"t_nihongo_help\"><sup><a title=\"Pomoc:Wyświetlanie czcionek azjatyckich\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\"><span class=\"t_nihongo_icon\" style=\"color: #00e; font: bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration: none; padding: 0.1em;\">?</span></a></sup></span>)</span>.</p>",
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            "note": "<p><strong>Mutsuhito</strong> (<a title=\"Język japoński\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">jap.</a> 睦仁; ur. <a title=\"3 listopada\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">3 listopada</a> <a title=\"1852\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1852</a> w <a title=\"Kioto\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Kioto</a>, zm. <a title=\"30 lipca\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">30 lipca</a> <a title=\"1912\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1912</a> w <a title=\"Tokio\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Tokio</a>) – zgodnie z tradycją 122. <a title=\"Cesarze Japonii\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">cesarz Japonii</a>, pośmiertnie zwany <strong>Meiji</strong>, tak jak okres jego panowania (<a title=\"Epoka Meiji\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">epoka Meiji</a> <a title=\"1868\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1868</a>-<a title=\"1912\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1912</a>).</p>\n<table id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><br /></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p><span id=\"Biografia\" class=\"mw-headline\">Biografia</span></p>\n<h3 class=\"modifiedSectionTitle\"><span id=\"Pocz.C4.85tki_rz.C4.85d.C3.B3w\" class=\"mw-headline\">Początki rządów</span></h3>\n<p>Mutsuhito urodził się w 1852 r. w <a title=\"Kioto\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Kioto</a>, jako drugi syn cesarza <a title=\"Kōmei\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Kōmei</a>. W lipcu 1860 r. uznany został za następcę tronu, a formalne rządy objął 9 stycznia 1867 r. Miał wtedy piętnaście lat.</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 222px;\"></div>\n</div>\n<p>W styczniu 1868 r. siły sprzeciwiające się rządom <a title=\"Siogun\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">siogunów</a> rodu <a title=\"Ród Tokugawa\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Tokugawa</a> obaliły ostatniego sioguna - <a title=\"Yoshinobu Tokugawa\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Yoshinobu Tokugawę</a>. W następstwie tego przewrotu cesarz uzyskał pełnię władzy w państwie. <a title=\"Japonia\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Japonia</a> rozpoczęła proces szybkiej modernizacji i otwarcia na wpływy Zachodu.</p>\n<p>6 kwietnia 1868 r. Mutsuhito ogłosił tak zwaną przysięgę cesarską.  Zapowiedział w niej przeprowadzenie w kraju głębokich reform.  Jednocześnie przeniósł stolicę z Kioto do <a title=\"Edo (miasto)\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Edo</a>, któremu nadał nową nazwę <a title=\"Tokio\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Tokio</a> (\"Wschodnia Stolica\").</p>\n<h3 class=\"modifiedSectionTitle\"><span id=\"Polityka_wewn.C4.99trzna\" class=\"mw-headline\">Polityka wewnętrzna</span></h3>\n<p>W 1871 r. cesarz zlikwidował feudalne domeny (<a title=\"Han (Japonia)\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">hany</a>), wprowadzając w ich miejsce prefektury podlegające bezpośrednio centralnemu rządowi.</p>\n<p>W 1872 r. przeprowadzono reformy zmierzające do zmniejszenia obciążeń  chłopów oraz poprawy ich sytuacji materialnej i społecznej. Rok później  przystąpiono do realizacji planu wprowadzenia powszechnego szkolnictwa i  utworzenia armii opartej na powszechnym poborze.</p>\n<p>Jednocześnie dokonano zasadniczych zmian w strukturze klasowej społeczeństwa, znosząc wiele przywilejów warstwy <a title=\"Samuraj\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">samurajskiej</a> i ograniczeń dotykających inne grupy społeczne. Zmiany te spotkały się z  oporem części społeczeństwa. Jednak lokalne bunty zostały szybko  stłumione. Przeprowadzono także zasadnicze zmiany ustroju państwa, które  doprowadziły ostatecznie do wprowadzenia w Japonii monarchii  konstytucyjnej.</p>\n<h3 class=\"modifiedSectionTitle\"><span id=\"Polityka_zagraniczna\" class=\"mw-headline\">Polityka zagraniczna</span></h3>\n<p>Na arenie międzynarodowej Japonia odniosła w latach 1894-1895 sukces w wojnie z <a title=\"Chiny\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Chinami</a>, a następnie w latach 1904-1905 w wojnie z <a title=\"Rosja\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Rosją</a>. Dzięki tym zwycięstwom Japończycy zajęli <a title=\"Korea\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Koreę</a>, <a title=\"Tajwan (wyspa)\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Tajwan</a> i mocno usadowili się w <a title=\"Mandżuria\" href=\"/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Mandżurii</a>.</p>\n<h3 class=\"modifiedSectionTitle\"><span id=\"Ocena_rz.C4.85d.C3.B3w\" class=\"mw-headline\">Ocena rządów</span></h3>\n<p>W okresie panowania Mutsuhito położono podwaliny pod budowę  potężnego, nowoczesnego państwa japońskiego. Bez wątpienia sam cesarz w  znacznej mierzę przyczynił się do zasadniczej przebudowy ustroju oraz  struktury politycznej, gospodarczej i społecznej swojej monarchii. Kiedy  zmarł w 1912 roku, cała Japonia okryła się żałobą.</p>",
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            "note": "<p><strong>Reigen</strong> <span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">(<a title=\"Język japoński\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">jap.</a> <span class=\"t_nihongo_kanji\" lang=\"ja\">霊元天皇</span> <em><span class=\"t_nihongo_romaji\">Reigen tennō</span></em><span class=\"t_nihongo_help\"><sup><a title=\"Pomoc:Wyświetlanie czcionek azjatyckich\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\"><span class=\"t_nihongo_icon\" style=\"color: #00e; font: bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration: none; padding: 0.1em;\">?</span></a></sup></span>, ur. <a title=\"9 lipca\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">9 lipca</a> <a title=\"1654\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1654</a>, zm. <a title=\"24 września\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">24 września</a> <a title=\"1732\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1732</a>)</span> - 112. <a title=\"Cesarze Japonii\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">cesarz Japonii</a>. Panował w latach <a title=\"1663\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1663</a>-<a title=\"1687\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1687</a>. Jego własnym imieniem było <strong>Satohito</strong> (<a title=\"Język japoński\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">jap.</a> 識仁), pełne imię <strong>Satohito Ate no Miya</strong> (<a title=\"Język japoński\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">jap.</a> 識仁高貴宮).</p>\n<h2 class=\"modifiedSectionTitle\"><span id=\"Biografia\" class=\"mw-headline\">Biografia</span></h2>\n<p>W <a title=\"1654\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1654</a>, po śmierci starszego brata, <a title=\"Go-Kōmyō\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Go-Kōmyō</a>, Satohito, mający zaledwie rok, został mianowany następcą tronu, a cesarzem został jego drugi brat, <a title=\"Go-Sai\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Go-Sai</a>, który zmarł w <a title=\"1663\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1663</a>, kiedy Satohito miał 9 lat. <a title=\"5 marca\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">5 marca</a> <a title=\"1663\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1663</a> odbyła się intronizacja Satohito na <a title=\"Cesarz\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">cesarza</a>. Nie wybrał on sobie jednak żadnego cesarskiego imienia i był nadal nazywany Satohito.</p>\n<p><a title=\"6 maja\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">6 maja</a> <a title=\"1687\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1687</a>, po 24 latach panowania na tronie, Satohito abdykował na rzecz swego syna, który wstąpił na tron przyjmując imię <a title=\"Higashiyama\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Higashiyama</a>.  Mimo że jego syn był właściwym cesarzem, Satohito ciągle zajmował  bardzo ważną pozycję na dworze cesarskim i przez pierwsze lata panowania  swego <a title=\"Higashiyama\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">syna</a> to właśnie on prowadził rozmowy z <a title=\"Siogun\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">siogunami</a> <a class=\"new\" title=\"Siogunat Tokugawa (strona nie istnieje)\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Tokugawa</a>.</p>\n<p>W <a title=\"1709\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1709</a> zmarł <a title=\"Higashiyama\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Higashiyama</a>,  a jego syn był za młody, aby zostać cesarzem, dlatego po 22-letniej  przerwie 55-letni Satohito znów wstąpił na tron, podejmując wszystkie  decyzje i sprawując faktyczną władzę w imieniu swego wnuka, <a title=\"Nakamikado\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Nakamikado</a>. Jednak po czterech latach, w <a title=\"1713\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">1713</a> uznano, że <a title=\"Nakamikado\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">Nakamikado</a> jest dostatecznie duży, aby zostać cesarzem i Satohito musiał zakończyć drugie panowanie.</p>\n<p>W wieku 58 lat Satohito, mimo że miał żony i kilkoro dzieci, poczuł  powołanie do religii i kiedy tylko władzę przejął jego wnuk, opuścił  dwór cesarski i wstąpił do klasztoru <a title=\"Buddyzm\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">buddyjskiego</a>, gdzie przyjął imię <strong>Sojo</strong> (<a title=\"Język japoński\" href=\"/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/jar:file://mce_host/../../../../zotero.jar%21/content/zotero/tinymce/note.html\">jap.</a> 素浄). W klasztorze spędził 29 lat, po czym zmarł z przyczyn naturalnych w wieku 87 lat.</p>\n<p>Jego dzisiejsze imię wymyślono pod koniec XIX w. Połączono ze sobą  imiona dwóch cesarzy panujących ponad 2000 lat temu, cesarza Ko<strong>rei</strong> i cesarza Ko<strong>gen</strong> i utworzono Reigen (<strong>rei</strong>+<strong>gen</strong> = Reigen).</p>",
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