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\nIn this interview, Barbara Walters asks Sophia Loren what words come to mind when she thinks of her children. \"Hunger,\" she says.
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\nHe is attuned to the wages of hunger, noting at one point that Italians, who lie on bread dipped in olive oil, have to pay 160 lire for a kilogram and 450 lire for a liter of olive oil. Eggs cost 30 lire each and, he writes on April 15, \"Salt cannot be bought at any price. Considering these figures, it seems extraordinary that Neapolitans have the strength to walk, let alone work, and that one does not actually see them dying of starvation in the street.\"
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\nAn intelligence officer stationed in Naples following the liberation from Nazi forces in 1944, Norman Lewis kept a diary. It turned out to be the popular of his twenty-seven books.
\n
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\nxiv Contrary to narrative that Europe rose like a phoenix from the ashes of destruction after WW2, Lowe argues that
\nxv \"waves of vengeance and retribution washed over every sphere of Euro life. Nations stripped of territory and assets, governments and institutions underwent purges, whole communities were terrorized cuz of what they were perceived to have done during war...German civilians all over Euro were beaten, arrested, used as slave labor or simply murdered. Soldiers and police who had collaborated w the Nazis were arrested and tortured. German, Hungarian and Austrian women raped by the millions. Far from wiping slate clean, aftermath of war merely propagated grievances,\" many still nursed today.
\nxvii Period is before Nuremberg trials and Marshall Plan \"or any of the other attempts to heal the wounds created by war. Instead it is concerned w the period before such attempts at rehabilitation were even a possibility, when most of Euro was still extremely volatile and violence could flare up once again at the slightest provocation. In a sense it is attempting the impossible -- to describe chaos.\"
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\nThis paper investigates the long-run effects of World War II on socio-economic status (SES) and health of older individuals in Europe. Physical and psychological childhood events are important predictors for labor market and health outcomes in adult life, but studies that quantify these effects in large samples that cover entire diverse populations are still rare. It analyzes data from SHARELIFE, a retrospective survey conducted as part of the Survey on Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) in 2009. This survey provides detailed data on events in childhood including those during the war as well as several measures of exposure to war shocks such as experience of dispossession, persecution, combat in local areas, and hunger periods for over 20,000 individuals in 13 European countries. It finds that exposure to the war itself, and even more importantly to individual-level shocks caused by the war such as hunger periods, significantly predict economic and health outcomes at older ages.
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\n85 Estimates of those who starved to death cite between 2 and 13 million in Europe overall, most of whom were women and children. In Italy the number of civilian deaths roughly equaled that of the fallen Italian soldiers during the same period.
\n
\n93 an Ex solider from Slovenia who was fighting on the front in Northern Italy wrote; \"I have already mentioned that there were neither cats nor dogs in Cessalto and its vicinity. Dogs were freely killed by our soldiers and prepared as a supplement.
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\n39 Year after south of Italy liberated, and after $100 million of aid had been pumped into country housewives rioted over food prices in Rome and in December 1944 there was a hunger march to protest shortages.
\n
\n43 Quotes Alan Moorehead, Daily Express war correspondent, who arrived in Naples immediately after liberate and saw men, women and children beating each other in wild scramble for handfuls of sweets thrown by arriving soldiers. \"What Moorehead recognized was that food was no longer just a physical issue but a moral one. Across Europe millions of starving people were willing to sacrifice all moral values for the sake of their next meal.
\n\"What we were witnessing ... was the moral collapse of a people,\" he wrote. \"They had no pride any more, or any dignity. The animal struggle for existence governed everything. Food. That was the only thing that matters ... Food at the cost of any abasement and depravity.\"
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\n173 Gradual worsening of the Italian food situation was reflected in experience of Giovanni Tassoni and wife Guila. Lived in one room shack near gravel pit where he worked making lime in a kiln.
\nBy 1942 shortage of food began to make self felt. Ration of break sank to 150 grams a day, w great reductions in meat, oil and butter rations. When Germans appeared in 1943, got worse.
\n
\n174 Sometimes occupying troops would come to their shack and demand eggs or bread. Tassonis had five children, a struggle to feed them. Family grew potatoes. Family eventually driven out by Allied bombing.
\nWhen Allies liberated Italy shock by utter deprivation of citizens. In Naples, troops saw malnourished people, dressed in rags, picking scraps of garbage.
\nGermans saw Italians, tacit allies as racially and militarily inept.
\n175 Holland and Denmark had efficient ag sectors where scientific knowledge allowed them to restructure production in face of German demands for food.
\n469 After war, malnutrition and TB reached epidemic proportions among children in Czechoslovakia, Greece and Italy.
\n
\n477 Brig Gen Wm O'Dwyer, chief of econ section of Allied Control Commission for Italy, shocked by utter deprivation the US Army found there. Basic ration in Rome provided only 665 calories and infant mortality rate had risen to 438 per 1000 live births. Calls for US to increase food production.
\n478 Lots of lip service by Truman and others but nothing happened.
\n487 Marshall Fund pumped $3.192 billion into food, feed and fertilizers. Price: each country had to promote consumerism.
\n
\n488 US used unrivaled power to erode trading sphere of Brit empire and leverage countries into new international econ system oriented toward American companies.
\n
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