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Risk has in the past been managed by consolidation of grazing units into larger areas (increase heterogeneity & thus resilience), or by intensification of utilization (lower resilience)

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The Rangeland Journal", "accessDate": "2011-02-03T10:08:51Z", "url": "http://www.publish.csiro.au.ezproxy.ballarat.edu.au/nid/202/paper/RJ10016.htm", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "G283B2JX", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 15094, "name": "Rangeland Journal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/G283B2JX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal/items/G283B2JX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/2WW25S7F", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 18534, "username": "pgraz", "name": "Patrick Graz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pgraz", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "G283B2JX", "version": 1, "parentItem": "2WW25S7F", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "RJ04004", "accessDate": "2009-01-27T04:02:09Z", "url": "http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/RJ04004", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "JSZT2NJ2", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 15094, "name": "Rangeland Journal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/JSZT2NJ2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal/items/JSZT2NJ2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/GW4AT66V", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 18534, "username": "pgraz", "name": "Patrick Graz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pgraz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JSZT2NJ2", "version": 1, "parentItem": "GW4AT66V", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Fence-lines affect track patterns: redirecting

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "3XN5TIQF", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 15094, "name": "Rangeland Journal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/3XN5TIQF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal/items/3XN5TIQF", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/GW4AT66V", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 18534, "username": "pgraz", "name": "Patrick Graz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pgraz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3XN5TIQF", "version": 1, "parentItem": "GW4AT66V", "itemType": "note", "note": "

definition of the piosphere :

\n

\"development of a distinct ecological system in which the interactions are determined by the existence of the water-point and by the capacity of the animals to forage away from the water-point.\" (p. 396)

\n

\"It may be envisaged as a zone, but is is defined by the interactions, not by any spatial limits of area.\" (p. 396)

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "MQXDNVGP", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 15094, "name": "Rangeland Journal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/MQXDNVGP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal/items/MQXDNVGP", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/TGMKEPS2", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 18534, "username": "pgraz", "name": "Patrick Graz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pgraz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MQXDNVGP", "version": 1, "parentItem": "TGMKEPS2", "itemType": "note", "note": "The densities and distributions of sheep, kangaroos and feral goats were assessed from extensive dung surveys following dry, moderate and green seasons in three large paddocks in the wooded rangelands of north-westem New South Wales. Densities of sheep (21 9nanimals/km2) were around the long-term district average. Densities of goats (24 animals/km2) were often higher than sheep. Densities of kangaroos (1 1 animals/km2) were usually much lower than either sheep or goats. Animal density was usually related to vegetative cover (ground cover for sheep and kangaroos, shrub and tree cover for goats), but there were also differences among paddocks. Distribution of kangaroos showed the most differentiation according to vegetation type, with densities being consistently high on a small area of alluvial grassland and very low in the paddock with no alluvial plains and the lowest levels of ground cover. The distributions of sheep and goats were correlated in the dry season and both species showed similar ranges in preferences for different vegetation types. Of the large herbivores present in these woody rangelands, kangaroos were the most selective in terms of the vegetation types they grazed, and goats were the least selective. Because their grazing activities are focussed on alluvial grasslands, kangaroos have potential to degrade this locally uncommon vegetation type. However, the densities of kangaroos in other, more widespread, vegetation types were uniformly low. Goats were frequently the most abundant large herbivores present and were also the least selective. Therefore goats probably have the greatest potential for causing widespread grazing impacts across much of these woody rangelands.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "ITTIW9J2", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 15094, "name": "Rangeland Journal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/ITTIW9J2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal/items/ITTIW9J2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/XXGMVMAT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 18534, "username": "pgraz", "name": "Patrick Graz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pgraz", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "ITTIW9J2", "version": 1, "parentItem": "XXGMVMAT", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "CSIRO PUBLISHING - The Rangeland Journal", "accessDate": "2011-02-03T09:58:54Z", "url": "http://www.publish.csiro.au.ezproxy.ballarat.edu.au/nid/202/paper/RJ10011.htm", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "ZXN8RX4S", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 15094, "name": "Rangeland Journal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/ZXN8RX4S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal/items/ZXN8RX4S", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/VDF4TB44", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 18534, "username": "pgraz", "name": "Patrick Graz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pgraz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZXN8RX4S", "version": 1, "parentItem": "VDF4TB44", "itemType": "note", "note": "

changes in variance as well as means across a paddock may be a useful indicator of degradation. p21 citing Stafford Smith and Pickup 1990

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "BJWR3PH2", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 15094, "name": "Rangeland Journal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/BJWR3PH2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal/items/BJWR3PH2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/VDF4TB44", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 18534, "username": "pgraz", "name": "Patrick Graz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pgraz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BJWR3PH2", "version": 1, "parentItem": "VDF4TB44", "itemType": "note", "note": "

70% of sheep grazing was spent in less than 12% of paddock p21

\n

cites Fitzgerald & Burnside 1988

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "GJMWMTCV", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 15094, "name": "Rangeland Journal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/GJMWMTCV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal/items/GJMWMTCV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/E34GTSBH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 18534, "username": "pgraz", "name": "Patrick Graz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pgraz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GJMWMTCV", "version": 1, "parentItem": "E34GTSBH", "itemType": "note", "note": "

pasture type plays a significant role in the distribution of the animals. p59

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "26DT4VQW", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 15094, "name": "Rangeland Journal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/26DT4VQW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal/items/26DT4VQW", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/E34GTSBH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 18534, "username": "pgraz", "name": "Patrick Graz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pgraz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "26DT4VQW", "version": 1, "parentItem": "E34GTSBH", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Most changes within the first 2km of a water point within chenopod shrublands,p 59

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "WAWI4VNE", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 15094, "name": "Rangeland Journal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/WAWI4VNE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal/items/WAWI4VNE", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/E34GTSBH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 18534, "username": "pgraz", "name": "Patrick Graz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pgraz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WAWI4VNE", "version": 1, "parentItem": "E34GTSBH", "itemType": "note", "note": "

AAA The support of a piosphere theory does not therefore accept that distance trailed to water is the only factor involved in grazing utilization, but it is one that is under the control of management and easily quantified.

\n

p64

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "T9ZIZCXT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 15094, "name": "Rangeland Journal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/T9ZIZCXT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal/items/T9ZIZCXT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/U3J55TPT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 18534, "username": "pgraz", "name": "Patrick Graz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pgraz", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "T9ZIZCXT", "version": 1, "parentItem": "U3J55TPT", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "CSIRO PUBLISHING - The Rangeland Journal", "accessDate": "2011-02-03T10:05:26Z", "url": "http://www.publish.csiro.au.ezproxy.ballarat.edu.au/nid/202/paper/RJ10015.htm", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "6DFCS3TM", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 15094, "name": "Rangeland Journal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/6DFCS3TM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal/items/6DFCS3TM", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/2EGIZIQG", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 18534, "username": "pgraz", "name": "Patrick Graz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pgraz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6DFCS3TM", "version": 1, "parentItem": "2EGIZIQG", "itemType": "note", "note": "

There is growing evidence that squatters frequently moved
into unfamiliar country by following the tracks of early explorers
and overlanders, who in turn, were often guided by Indigenous
peoples, or followed previous Indigenous pathways pg341

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "8B3PERE2", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 15094, "name": "Rangeland Journal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/8B3PERE2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal/items/8B3PERE2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/R4K9SSUU", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 18534, "username": "pgraz", "name": "Patrick Graz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pgraz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8B3PERE2", "version": 1, "parentItem": "R4K9SSUU", "itemType": "note", "note": "We report some of the findings of a project called 'DroughtPlan', which has involved close collaboration with pastoralists throughout the Australian rangelands. There were three general areas related to property management where producers felt better information and training could help them cope with climatic variability. These were strategic management of long-term stocking levels, tactical management of stock numbers between years, and business management skills.\n\nA comprehensive series of representative studies linking herd biology with economic outcomes was undertaken on these topics with pastoralists in different regions of the rangelands. Some of the studies considered most important by pastoralists are reported here. These demonstrate that: (i) a reduction in current stocking levels can often improve cash flow; (ii) small adjustments in livestock selling tactics during drought can have large financial ramifications; (iii) it is financially advantageous to build stock numbers up quickly after a drought, even though this may conflict with longer-term environmental values; (iv) while diversification can provide financial rewards, these could be matched by small improvements in the biological rates of the livestock; and, (v) fine-tuning of the existing pastoral enterprise can provide a less risky means of increasing cash flow and reducing its variability than does diversification. Four of the examples indicate that better use of information can help both profitability and sustainability; the fifth suggests that the interests of short-term profitability are in conflict with long-term land conservation goals, as assessed by many pastoralists.\n\nThese studies highlight the value of linking producer knowledge with a systematic analysis framework, as well as the vital importance of incorporating the effects of climatic variability, when assessing the value of different management options.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "2UD99MNG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 15094, "name": "Rangeland Journal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/2UD99MNG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal/items/2UD99MNG", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/5D93DVHM", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 18534, "username": "pgraz", "name": "Patrick Graz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pgraz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2UD99MNG", "version": 1, "parentItem": "5D93DVHM", "itemType": "note", "note": "Public concern for the way land resources are used has led to the introduction of legislation in several Australian States requiring the demonstration of sustainable use of the pastoral resource. However, no practical system of appraisal of sustainability in grazing management systems exists. The common situation facing decision-makers at policy and enterprise levels is one of inadequate, unobtainable or inappropriate data, or systematic indeterminacy. This necessitates erring on the side of caution, through an adaptive integrated approach to decision-making. Such an approach requires: (i) an understanding of the key processes that govern the interactions between livestock, plants, and heterogeneous landscape systems; (ii) the identification of indicators of potential problems in these systems at spatial and temporal scales relevant to human use and management; and (iii) the availability of effective tools to evaluate management options in terms of their risks to the sustainability of the grazing land resource, and the profitability of production. This paper describes a decision support approach to improving our understanding of the complexities of grazing management systems. The paper first proposes an integrated framework for a decision support system (DSS) for evaluating the sustainability of grazing management in terms of the risk of changes to the vegetation and soil resource, and the profitability of production. It then examines an application of a DSS approach, called Landassess DSS, to the tropical woodlands in northern Australia, and discusses the broader implications for sustainable management of extensive native pasture livestock production systems.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "ZK76XPC2", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 15094, "name": "Rangeland Journal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/ZK76XPC2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal/items/ZK76XPC2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/T9EXIPGN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 18534, "username": "pgraz", "name": "Patrick Graz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pgraz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZK76XPC2", "version": 1, "parentItem": "T9EXIPGN", "itemType": "note", "note": "

paper session 29: Molecular biology - forage quality. In: Proc. XVII International Grassland Congress, pp. 1105-6. Keeling and Mundy Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand. United States Department of Agriculture. (1980). Report and recommendations on organic farming. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. VanTassel, L. W., Heitschmidt, R.K. and Conner, J.R. (1987). Modeling variation in range calf growth under conditions of environmental uncertainty. J. Range. Manage. 40: 310-4. Walker, B.H. (1993). Stability in rangelands: ecology and economics. In: Proc. XW International Grassland Congress, pp. 1885-90. Keeling and Mundy Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand. Walker, J.W. (1994). Multispecies grazing: the ecological advantage. Sheep Res. J. Special Issue: 52-64. Walker, A.B., Frizelle, J.A. and Morris, S.D. (1994). The New Zealand policy framework for sustainable agriculture and some implications for animal production research. Proc. N. Z. Soc. Anim Prod. 54: 369-72. Walker, J.W., Heitschmidt, R.K., DeMoraes, E.A., Kothmann, M.M. and Dowhower, S.L. (1989). Quality and botanical composition of cattle diets under rotational and continuous grazing treatments. J. Range Manage . 42: 239-42. Whitson, R.E., Heitschmidt, R.K., Kothmann, M.M. and Lundgren, G.K. (1982). The impact of grazing systems on the magnitude and stability of ranch income in the Rolling Plains of Texas. J. Range Manage .35: 526-32. Wight, J.R. and Hanson, C.L. (1993). Simulation models as decision aids for management of rangeland ecosystems. In: Proc. XVII International Grassland Congress, pp. 770-1. Keeling and Mundy Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand. Wilson, A.D., Harrington, G.N. and Beale, I.F. (1984). Grazing management. In: Management of Australia's rangelands (Eds G.N. Harrington, A.D. Wilson and M.D. Young) pp. 129-40. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia. Wood, W.R. and Thiessen, T.D. (Eds) (1985). Early fur trade on the Northern Plains: the narratives of John Macdonnell, David Thompson, Francois-Antoine Laraocque and Charles McKenzie. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma. Manuscript received 4 April 1996, accepted 30 July 1996. Rangel. J. 18(2) 1996, 216-43 EVALUATING STOCKING RATE IMPACTS IN RANGELANDS: ANIMALS DON'T PRACTICE WHAT WE PREACH A.J. Ash1 and D.M. Stafford Smith2 'CSIRO Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures, PMB, Aitkenvale, Qld 4814 2CSIR0 Division of Wildlife and Ecology, PO Box 2111, Alice Springs, NT 0871 Abstract Stocking rate is the most important management variable affecting productivity and stability in rangelands. In this paper we examine the relevance of stocking rate research to the complex and highly variable ecosystems that make up most rangeland enterprises. We review a number of stocking rate experiments that have been conducted in both rangelands and more intensively grazed, improved pastures and demonstrate a fundamental difference in the nature of the stocking rate - animal production relationship between the two environments. Animal production in rangelands is less sensitive to increases in utilisation rate than in improved pastures, at least in the short to medium time frame of most experiments. These differences can largely be explained by factors relating to the much greater spatial and temporal variability of rangelands such as: inter-annual and seasonal fluctuations in vegetation composition and quality; long-term vegetation changes; and spatial and temporal patterns of diet selection in complex vegetation. Together, these factors limit the application of linear stocking rate models to complex rangeland environments for prediction of animal production responses. We suggest that dynamic simulation models, which incorporate the spatial and temporal variability of rangelands, may be the best way of developing simple but useful management principles for setting stocking rates that are more appropriate than simplified regression relationships.

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "U3NGM2KD", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 15094, "name": "Rangeland Journal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/U3NGM2KD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal/items/U3NGM2KD", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/R2TH44NI", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 18534, "username": "pgraz", "name": "Patrick Graz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pgraz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "U3NGM2KD", "version": 1, "parentItem": "R2TH44NI", "itemType": "note", "note": "

water resource degradation: cites \"overstocking and inadequate watering points\" pg 170

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water productivity defined  as the ratio of agricultural outputs to the amount of water depleted pg 170

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Moderate grazing intensities can favour high pasture production and more diversified species composition. pg 172 (right)

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livestock provide a variety of needs in southern Africa:

\n", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "XBHMGSM3", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 15094, "name": "Rangeland Journal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/XBHMGSM3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal/items/XBHMGSM3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 18534, "username": "pgraz", "name": "Patrick Graz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pgraz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zeng and Edwards", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XBHMGSM3", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Perceptions of pastoralists and conservation reserve managers on managing feral camels and their impacts", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.", "lastName": "Zeng" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G. P.", "lastName": "Edwards" } ], "abstractNote": "The perceptions of people living within the current range of feral camels and involved in the pastoral industry and conservation reserve management were assessed through a questionnaire survey. The survey was designed to gauge understanding about the distribution and abundance of feral camels, perspective on camel impacts, and attitudes towards different camel management options. Camels occurred on 74.2% of pastoral properties and 51.4% of reserves that were surveyed. Camels were reported to be increasing on more than 50% of pastoral properties and 88% of reserves and were reported to cause damage on most properties where they occurred. The total monetary value of this damage (including management to mitigate it) was estimated to be $7.15 million per annum on the pastoral estate and $0.37 million per annum across the conservation estate within or on the margins of the camel range. On the pastoral estate, ~$2.40 million of the damage per annum was to infrastructure whereas production losses amounted to $3.42 million per annum. A minority of pastoral properties and reserves reported tangible benefits that accrued from selling camels, eating camels and using camels for natural resource management activities including weed control. The monetary value of the benefit was estimated to be about $0.58 million per annum across the pastoral estate, compared with ~$34 379 per annum across the conservation estate. Pastoralists and reserve managers generally saw a need to control camels and their impacts and currently play an active role in this regard. Both landholder groups favoured culling and commercial use to manage camel impacts but were comfortable using all of the available approaches and willing to consider new ones.", "publicationTitle": "The Rangeland Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010", "volume": "32", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "63-72", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Rangel. J.", "DOI": "10.1071/RJ09036", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.publish.csiro.au.ezproxy.ballarat.edu.au/nid/202/paper/RJ09036.htm", "accessDate": "2011-02-03T08:26:45Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1036-9872", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Camel" }, { "tag": "social-ecological system" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "36XZDRNQ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 15094, "name": "Rangeland Journal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/15094/items/36XZDRNQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rangeland_journal/items/36XZDRNQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 18534, "username": "pgraz", "name": "Patrick Graz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pgraz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Windle et al.", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "36XZDRNQ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A conservation auction for landscape linkage in the southern Desert Uplands, Queensland", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J", "lastName": "Windle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J", "lastName": "Rolfe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J", "lastName": "McCosker" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Lingard" } ], "abstractNote": "Conservation auctions are a type of market-based instrument (MBI) that can achieve a more cost-efficient allocation of public funds than approaches such as devolved grants. In this paper, the conduct of a multiple round conservation auction to improve biodiversity management in a rangelands area is outlined. The auction was designed to develop a wildlife corridor across the southern Desert Uplands bioregion in Queensland and to improve management of rangelands areas. The conservation auction incorporated two important new design features. First, there was a need to promote landholder cooperation so that proposed areas for better land management were aligned and connected across the region. The second innovative design feature was to hold multiple bidding (three) rounds, which differs from the standard application of a single bidding round. The auction outcomes resulted in conservation contracts covering 85 000 ha of remnant vegetation awarded at an average cost of $2* per hectare per annum. Although complete landscape connectivity across the Desert Uplands was not achieved, over 70% of the successful bids, accounting for over 62 000 ha (77% of the total bid area), were part of a group that formed a distinct corridor or landscape linkage with only single or part-property gaps. The results also indicate that multiple bidding rounds improved auction efficiency (for the government), although there was little improvement in connectivity. Sixty-six percent more environmental benefit units could be purchased for the given budget of $350 000 between rounds one and three.", "publicationTitle": "Rangeland Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009", "volume": "31", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "127-135", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Rangel. J.", "DOI": "10.1071/RJ08042", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/RJ08042", "accessDate": "2009-08-18T23:31:18Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1036-9872", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "EN", "libraryCatalog": "CSIRO Publishing", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "biodiversity" }, { "tag": "vegetation" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-04T12:57:23Z" } } ]