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In this paper, we address this problem with particular focus on R-trees—which are an important class of index structures used widely in commercial database systems. We propose a new technique, which as opposed to the current technique of inserting data one by one, bulk inserts entire new datasets into an active R-tree. This technique, called STLT (for small-tree-large-tree), considers the new dataset as an R-tree itself (small tree), identifies and prepares a suitable location in the original R-tree (large tree) for insertion, and lastly performs the insert of the small tree into the large tree. Besides an analytical cost model of STLT, extensive experimental studies both on synthetic and real GIS data sets are also reported. These experiments not only compare STLT against the conventional technique, but also evaluate the suitability and limitations of STLT under different conditions, such as varying buffer sizes, ratio between existing and new data sizes, and skewness of new data with respect to the whole spatial region. We find that STLT does much better (in average, about 65%) than the existing technique for skewed datasets as well for large sizes of both the large tree and the small tree in terms of insertion time, while keeping comparable query tree quality. STLT consistently outperforms the alternate technique in all other circumstances in terms of bulk insertion time, especially, even up to 2,000% for the cases when the area of new data sets covers up to 4% of the global region covered by the existing index tree; however, at the cost of a deteriorating resulting tree quality.", "publicationTitle": "GeoInformatica", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 01, 2002", "volume": "6", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "7-34", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1023/A:1013764014000", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013764014000", "accessDate": "2010-04-22T08:03:41Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Merging R-Trees", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SpringerLink", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "gis" }, { "tag": "rtree" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-04-22T08:06:30Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-22T08:06:30Z" } }, { "key": "DS75FRWB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 14513, "name": "geography-and-computing", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geography-and-computing", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/14513/items/DS75FRWB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geography-and-computing/items/DS75FRWB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 19247, "username": "sgillies", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sgillies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Murugappan", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DS75FRWB", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Comparison of R Tree, MVR Tree and TPR Tree", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anand", "lastName": "Murugappan" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.126.4938", "accessDate": "2010-04-13T08:46:06Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "gis" }, { "tag": "rtree" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-04-13T08:46:06Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-13T08:46:06Z" } }, { "key": "KN5HGDIM", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 14513, "name": "geography-and-computing", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geography-and-computing", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/14513/items/KN5HGDIM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geography-and-computing/items/KN5HGDIM", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/14513/items/DDPK7KK3", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 19247, "username": "sgillies", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sgillies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 23110, "username": "sorokine", "name": "Alexandre Sorokine", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sorokine", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KN5HGDIM", "version": 1, "parentItem": "DDPK7KK3", "itemType": "note", "note": "

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"creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vassilis J", "lastName": "Tsotras" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "GEOINFORMATICA", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2005", "volume": "9", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "367--389", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://research.att.com/~marioh/papers/geoinformatica05.pdf", "accessDate": "2010-04-13T08:27:15Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Sail", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "gis" }, { "tag": "rtree" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-04-13T08:29:47Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-13T08:29:47Z" } }, { "key": "5EGTNWCZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 14513, "name": "geography-and-computing", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geography-and-computing", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/14513/items/5EGTNWCZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geography-and-computing/items/5EGTNWCZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 19247, "username": "sgillies", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sgillies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Strobl", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5EGTNWCZ", "version": 1, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Dimensionally Extended Nine-Intersection Model (DE-9IM)", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christian", "lastName": "Strobl" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Shashi", "lastName": "Shekhar" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Hui", "lastName": "Xiong" } ], "abstractNote": "The Dimensionally Extended Nine-Intersection Model (DE-9IM) or Clementini-Matrix is specified by the OGC “Simple Features for SQL” specification for computing the spatial relationships between geometries. It is based on the Nine-Intersection Model (9IM) or Egenhofer-Matrix which in turn is an extension of the Four-Intersection Model (4IM). The Dimensionally Extended Nine-Intersection Model considers the two objects’ interiors, boundaries and exteriors and analyzes the intersections of these nine objects parts for their relationships (maximum dimension (-1, 0, 1, or 2) of the intersection geometries with a numeric value of –1 corresponding to no intersection). The spatial relationships described by the DE-9IM are “Equals”, “Disjoint”, “Intersects”, “Touches”, “Crosses”, “Within”, “Contains” and “Overlaps”.", "bookTitle": "Encyclopedia of GIS", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2008", "publisher": "Springer", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "240-245", "ISBN": "978-0-387-30858-6", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://elib.dlr.de/58177/", "accessDate": "2010-03-26T09:32:24Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "The Dimensionally Extended Nine-Intersection Model (DE-9IM) or Clementini-Matrix is specified by the OGC “Simple Features for SQL” specification for computing the spatial relationships between geometries. It is based on the Nine-Intersection Model (9IM) or Egenhofer-Matrix which in turn is an extension of the Four-Intersection Model (4IM).\nThe Dimensionally Extended Nine-Intersection Model considers the two objects’ interiors, boundaries and exteriors and analyzes the intersections of these nine objects parts for their relationships (maximum dimension (-1, 0, 1, or 2) of the intersection geometries with a numeric value of –1 corresponding to no intersection).\nThe spatial relationships described by the DE-9IM are “Equals”, “Disjoint”, “Intersects”, “Touches”, “Crosses”, “Within”, “Contains” and “Overlaps”.", "tags": [ { "tag": "Environment and Security", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "gis" }, { "tag": "ogc simple features" }, { "tag": "shapely" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-03-26T09:39:11Z", "dateModified": "2010-03-26T09:39:11Z" } }, { "key": "4VFVQGFQ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 14513, "name": "geography-and-computing", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geography-and-computing", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/14513/items/4VFVQGFQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geography-and-computing/items/4VFVQGFQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 19247, "username": "sgillies", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sgillies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "John R. Herring", "parsedDate": "2006-10-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4VFVQGFQ", "version": 1, "itemType": "document", "title": "OpenGIS Implementation Specification for Geographic information - Simple feature access - Part 1: Common architecture", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "", "lastName": "John R. Herring" } ], "abstractNote": "This part of OpenGIS® Simple Features Access (SFA), also called ISO 19125, describes the common \narchitecture for simple feature geometry. The simple feature geometry object model is Distributed Computing \nPlatform neutral and uses UML notation. The base Geometry class has subclasses for Point, Curve, Surface and \nGeometryCollection. Each geometric object is associated with a Spatial Reference System, which describes the \ncoordinate space in which the geometric object is defined.", "type": "", "date": "2006-10-05", "publisher": "Open Geospatial Consortium Inc.", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sfa", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "OGC 06-103r3", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 2006 Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. All Rights Reserved.", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "gis" }, { "tag": "ogc simple features" }, { "tag": "shapely" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-03-24T08:55:20Z", "dateModified": "2010-03-24T08:55:20Z" } }, { "key": "JQWTUMP4", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 14513, "name": "geography-and-computing", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geography-and-computing", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/14513/items/JQWTUMP4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geography-and-computing/items/JQWTUMP4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 19247, "username": "sgillies", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sgillies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JQWTUMP4", "version": 1, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Point Set Theory and the DE-9IM Matrix - Codehaus", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://docs.codehaus.org/display/GEOTDOC/Point+Set+Theory+and+the+DE-9IM+Matrix", "accessDate": "2010-03-23T20:25:22Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "computational geometry" }, { "tag": "jts" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-03-23T20:25:22Z", "dateModified": "2010-03-23T20:25:22Z" } }, { "key": "GJTGEQUR", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 14513, "name": "geography-and-computing", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geography-and-computing", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/14513/items/GJTGEQUR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geography-and-computing/items/GJTGEQUR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 19247, "username": "sgillies", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sgillies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GJTGEQUR", "version": 1, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "JTS Topology Suite", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.vividsolutions.com/jts/jtshome.htm", "accessDate": "2010-03-23T20:15:18Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "computational geometry" }, { "tag": "gis" }, { "tag": "shapely" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-03-23T20:23:25Z", "dateModified": "2010-03-23T20:23:25Z" } }, { "key": "SQTNB5HD", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 14513, "name": "geography-and-computing", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geography-and-computing", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/14513/items/SQTNB5HD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geography-and-computing/items/SQTNB5HD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 19247, "username": "sgillies", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sgillies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Davis", "parsedDate": "2007-06-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SQTNB5HD", "version": 1, "itemType": "blogPost", "title": "Quirks of the \"Contains\" Spatial Predicate", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Martin", "lastName": "Davis" } ], "abstractNote": "One of the most useful OGC standards is their specification of the Dimensionally-Extended 9 Intersection Model for spatial relationships. (To give credit where is it due, this was originally developed by Egenhofer, Clementini and others). In its most general form this model is quite complex, so to make it usable for mortal programmers, a set of commonly-useful \"named predicates\" have been specified. These include obvious relationships such as intersects, disjoint, touches, equals, and contains.", "blogTitle": "Lin.ear th.inking", "websiteType": "", "date": "Saturday, June 9, 2007", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://lin-ear-th-inking.blogspot.com/2007/06/subtleties-of-ogc-covers-spatial.html", "accessDate": "2010-03-23T15:48:51Z", "ISSN": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "computational geometry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "gis" }, { "tag": "jts", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ogc simple features", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "shapely" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-03-23T16:17:07Z", "dateModified": "2010-03-23T16:17:07Z" } }, { "key": "3D9N62WA", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 14513, "name": "geography-and-computing", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geography-and-computing", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/14513/items/3D9N62WA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geography-and-computing/items/3D9N62WA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 19247, "username": "sgillies", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sgillies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Egenhofer and John R. Herring", "parsedDate": "1991", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3D9N62WA", "version": 1, "itemType": "report", "title": "Categorizing Binary Topological Relations Between Regions, \nLines, and Points in Geographic Databases", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Max J.", "lastName": "Egenhofer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "John R. Herring" } ], "abstractNote": "9 \n2 \nOne of the fundamental concepts necessary for the analysis of spatial data in a Geographic Informa- \ntion System (GIS) is a formal understanding of the geometric relationships among arbitrary spatial \nobjects. Topological relations, a particular subset of geometric relations, are preserved under topo- \nlogical transformations such as translation, rotation, and scaling. A comprehensive formal catego- \nrization of such binary topologi cal relations between regions, lines, and points has been developed \nthat is based upon the comparison of the nine intersections between the interiors, boundaries, and \nexteriors of the two objects. The basic criterion for the distinction of different topological relations \nis whether the intersections are empty or not, thus identifying 2 mutually exclusive topologi cal re- \nlations. It is derived which of these 512 binary relations actually exist in IR between regions, lines, \nand points. An equivalent model is developed that replaces the intersections with exteriors by sub- \nset conditions of the closure so that efficient implementations of topologi cal relations are possible \nin geographic information systems.", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "Tech. Report", "institution": "University of Maine", "place": "Orono, ME", "date": "1991", "seriesTitle": "Tech. Report, Department of Surveying Engineering", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "1-28", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.spatial.maine.edu/%7Emax/9intReport.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "computational geometry" }, { "tag": "gis" }, { "tag": "jts" }, { "tag": "ogc simple features" }, { "tag": "shapely" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-03-23T16:17:04Z", "dateModified": "2010-03-23T16:17:04Z" } }, { "key": "4CKR5RVZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 14513, "name": "geography-and-computing", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geography-and-computing", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/14513/items/4CKR5RVZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geography-and-computing/items/4CKR5RVZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 19247, "username": "sgillies", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sgillies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Clementini et al.", "parsedDate": "1993-06-23", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4CKR5RVZ", "version": 1, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "A Small Set of Formal Topological Relationships Suitable for End-User Interaction", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eliseo", "lastName": "Clementini" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paolino", "lastName": "Di Felice" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "van OOsterom" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "name": "David Abel" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "name": "Beng Chin Ooi" } ], "abstractNote": "Topological relationships between spatial objects represent important knowledge that users of geographic information systems expect to retrieve from a spatial database. A difficult task is to assign precise semantics to user queries involving concepts such as \"crosses\", \"is inside\", \"is adjacent.\" In this paper, we present two methods for describing topological relationships. The first method is an extension of the geometric point-set approach by taking the dimension of the intersections into account. This results in a very large number of different topological relationships for point, line, and area features. In the second method, which aims to be more suitable for humans, we propose to group all possible cases into a few meaningful topological relationships and we discuss their exclusiveness and completeness with respect to the point-set approach.", "proceedingsTitle": "Third International Symposium on Large Spatial Databases (SSD). Lecture Notes in Computer Science no. 692.", "conferenceName": "SSD '93", "publisher": "Springer Verlag", "place": "Singapore", "date": "23-25 June 1993", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "277-295", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "geos" }, { "tag": "gis" }, { "tag": "jts" }, { "tag": "shapely" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-03-23T16:16:59Z", "dateModified": "2010-03-23T16:16:59Z" } } ]