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            "title": "Validation of the modified hemagglutination inhibition assay (mHAI), a robust and sensitive serological test for analysis of influenza virus-specific immune response",
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                    "firstName": "A",
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                    "firstName": "M",
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                    "firstName": "S",
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                    "firstName": "T",
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                    "firstName": "T",
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            "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: The hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI) is universally regarded as the gold standard in influenza virus serology. Nevertheless, difficulties in titre readouts are common and interlaboratory variations are frequently reported. OBJECTIVE: We developed and validated the modified HAI to facilitate reliable, accurate and reproducible analysis of sera derived from influenza vaccination studies. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical and preclinical serum samples, NIBSC reference sera and seasonal influenza virus type A (H1N1 and H3N2) and type B antigens were employed to validate the mHAI. Moreover, pandemic virus strains (H5N1 and H1N1pdm09) were used to prove assay robustness. RESULTS: Utilisation of a 0.08% solution of stabilised human erythrocytes, assay buffer containing bovine serum albumin and microscopical plate readout are the major differences between the modified and standard HAI assay protocols. Validation experiments revealed that the mHAI is linear, specific and up to eightfold more sensitive than the standard HAI. In 95.6% of all measurements mHAI titres were precisely measured irrespective of the assay day, run or operator. Moreover, 96.4% (H1N1) or 95.2% (H3N2 and B), respectively, of all serum samples were determined within one dilution step of the nominal values for spiked samples. Finally, the mHAI results remained unaffected by variations in virus antigens, erythrocytes, reagents, laboratory location, sample storage conditions or matrix components. CONCLUSION: The modified HAI is easy to analyse, requires only a single source of erythrocytes and allows utilisation of numerous influenza virus antigens, also including virus strains which are difficult to handle by the standard HAI (e.g. H3N2, H5N1 and H1N1pdm09).",
            "publicationTitle": "Journal of clinical virology: the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology",
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                    "firstName": "Kyoko",
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            "abstractNote": "Undaria pinnatifida, an edible brown alga, contains fucoidan (FuC), a sulfated polysaccharide, that inhibited the in vitro replication of influenza A virus, and stimulated both innate and adaptive immune defense functions in virus-infected mice. In the present study, the effects of oral administration of FuC were evaluated on influenza virus infection in immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice, where the efficacy of FuC was demonstrated in reducing viral replication, decreasing weight loss and mortality, and prolonging survival. Oral FuC resulted in increased neutralizing antibody production in the mucosa and blood. In contrast, while suppressing virus yields in mice more markedly than FuC, oseltamivir significantly reduced the neutralizing antibody titers in both the mucosa and blood. In immunocompromised mice, drug-resistant viruses frequently recovered after oseltamivir treatment; no resistant viruses were isolated from FuC-treated mice. FuC could be a candidate for the development of new therapeutic options including its combination with neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir.",
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            "publicationTitle": "Journal of health care for the poor and underserved",
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            "creatorSummary": "Richards et al.",
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            "title": "Neonatal outcomes after antenatal influenza immunization during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic: impact on preterm birth, birth weight, and small for gestational age birth",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Jennifer L",
                    "lastName": "Richards"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Craig",
                    "lastName": "Hansen"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Christine",
                    "lastName": "Bredfeldt"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Robert A",
                    "lastName": "Bednarczyk"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Mark C",
                    "lastName": "Steinhoff"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Dzifa",
                    "lastName": "Adjaye-Gbewonyo"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Kevin",
                    "lastName": "Ault"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Mia",
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Walter",
                    "lastName": "Orenstein"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Robert L",
                    "lastName": "Davis"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Saad B",
                    "lastName": "Omer"
                }
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            "abstractNote": "Background. Influenza infection during pregnancy is associated with adverse fetal outcomes such as preterm birth and small for gestational age (SGA). Maternal influenza immunization may prevent these adverse infant outcomes during periods of influenza circulation.Methods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of live births within Kaiser Permanente (KP) Georgia and Mid-Atlantic States (n=3,327) during the period of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus circulation. Primary outcomes were third trimester preterm birth (27-36 weeks), birth weight, low birth weight (LBW, <2500 grams), and SGA.Results. There were 327 (9.8%) preterm, 236 (7.4%) LBW, and 267 (8.4%) SGA births. Among H1N1-vaccinated mothers (n=1125), there were 86 (7.6%) preterm, 68 (6.4%) LBW, and 99 (9.3%) SGA births, and the mean birth weight was 3308.5 grams (95% CI: 3276.6-3340.4). Among unvaccinated mothers (n=1581), there were 191 (12.1%) preterm, 132 (8.8%) LBW, and 123 (8.2%) SGA births, and the mean birth weight was 3245.3 grams (95% CI: 3216.5-3274.2). Infants of H1N1-vaccinated mothers had 37% lower odds of being born preterm than infants of unvaccinated mothers (aOR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.47-0.84). The mean birth weight difference between infants of H1N1-vaccinated mothers and infants of unvaccinated mothers was 45.1 grams (95% CI: 1.8-88.3). There was no significant association between maternal H1N1 influenza immunization and LBW or SGA.Conclusions. Pregnant women who received H1N1 influenza vaccine were less likely to give birth preterm, and gave birth to heavier infants. The findings validate U.S. vaccine policy choices to prioritize pregnant women during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic.",
            "publicationTitle": "Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America",
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            "title": "Peptide Sharing Between Influenza A H1N1 Hemagglutinin and Human Axon Guidance Proteins",
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                    "lastName": "Lucchese"
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                    "firstName": "Darja",
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            "abstractNote": "Epidemiologic data suggest that maternal microbial infections may cause fetal neurodevelopmental disorders, potentially increasing susceptibility to heavy psychopathologies such as schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, autism, pervasive developmental disorders, bipolar disorders, psychosis, epilepsy, language and speech disorders, and cognitive impairment in adult offspring. However, the molecular pathomechanisms underlying such a relationship are not clear. Here we analyze the potential role of the maternal immune response to viral infection in determining fetal brain injuries that increase the risk of neurological disorders in the adult. We use influenza infection as a disease model and human axon guidance pathway, a key process in the formation of neural network during midgestation, as a potential fetal target of immune insults. Specifically, we examined influenza A H1N1 hemagglutinin (HA), an antigenic viral protein, for amino acid sequence similarity to a random library of 188 axon guidance proteins. We obtain the results that (1) contrary to any theoretical expectations, 45 viral pentapeptide matches are distributed throughout a subset of 36 guidance molecules; (2) in 24 guidance proteins, the peptide sharing with HA antigen involves already experimentally validated influenza HA epitopes; and (3) most of the axon guidance vs HA peptide overlap is conserved among influenza A viral strains and subsets. Taken together, our data indicate that immune cross-reactivity between influenza HA and axon guidance molecules is possible and may well represent a pathologic mechanism capable of determining neurodevelopmental disruption in the fetus.",
            "publicationTitle": "Schizophrenia bulletin",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "Jan 31, 2013",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Mark J",
                    "lastName": "Abzug"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
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            "abstractNote": "Background. HIV-infected, pregnant women may have particular vulnerability to 2009 pH1N1 infection. The safety and immunogenicity of pH1N1 vaccination in HIV-infected, pregnant women are unknown.Methods. HIV-infected women between 18-39 years old and 14-34 weeks gestation on antiretroviral therapy received two 30 mcg doses of unadjuvanted, inactivated pH1N1 vaccine 21 days apart. Hemagglutination inhibition titers were measured at entry, 21 days post-dose #1, and 10 and 21 days post-dose #2, and, in mothers and infants, at delivery and three and six months post-delivery.Results. No severe vaccine-related adverse events were observed among 127 subjects. At entry, 21% had seroprotective (≥1:40) titers. Seroprotection and seroresponse (≥4-fold rise) occurred in 73% and 66% post-dose #1 and 80% and 72% post-dose #2, respectively. Of women lacking seroprotection at entry, 66% attained seroprotective titers after dose #1 and 75% after dose #2. Seroprotective titers were present in 67% of mothers and 65% of infants at delivery (median 66 days post-dose #2), 60% of mothers and 26% of infants at three months post-delivery, and 59% of mothers and 12% of infants at six months post-delivery. Vaccine response was associated with maternal CD4%.Conclusions. Two 30 mcg doses of pH1N1 vaccine were moderately immunogenic in HIV-infected, pregnant women. No concerning vaccine-related safety signals were observed. Seroprotection persisted in most women post-partum. Efficient transplacental antibody transfer occurred, but seroprotection in infants waned rapidly. Vaccination to protect HIV-infected, pregnant women and their newborns from new influenza strains is feasible, but more immunogenic platforms should be evaluated.Clinical Trials Registration. NCT00992017 (www.clinicaltrials.gov).",
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            "title": "Risk Factors and Characteristics of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Commercial Poultry in Tunisia",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Wafa",
                    "lastName": "Tombari"
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                    "firstName": "Mathilde",
                    "lastName": "Paul"
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                    "lastName": "Bettaieb"
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                    "firstName": "Imen",
                    "lastName": "Larbi"
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                    "firstName": "Jihene",
                    "lastName": "Nsiri"
                },
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                    "firstName": "Imen",
                    "lastName": "Elbehi"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Latifa",
                    "lastName": "Gribaa"
                },
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                    "firstName": "Abdeljelil",
                    "lastName": "Ghram"
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            "abstractNote": "Objective\nEstimate the seroprevalence of influenza A virus in various commercial poultry farms and evaluate specific risk factors as well as analyze their genetic nature using molecular assays.\n\nMaterials and Methods\nThis report summarizes the findings of a national survey realized from October 2010 to May 2011 on 800 flocks in 20 governorates. Serum samples were screened for the presence of specific influenza virus antibodies using cELISA test. Additionally, swab samples were tested by real time and conventional RT-PCR and compared with results obtained by others assays. Phylogenetic and genetic analyses of the glycoproteins were established for some strains.\n\nResults\nOut of the 800 chicken and turkey flocks tested by cELISA, 223 showed positive anti-NP antibodies (28.7%, 95% CI: 25.6–32.1). Significantly higher seroprevalence was found among the coastal areas compared to inland and during the autumn and winter. Broiler flocks showed significantly lower seroprevalence than layers and broiler breeders. The influenza virus infection prevalence increased after the laying phase among layer flocks. In addition, AIV seropositivity was significantly associated with low biosecurity measures. The Ag EIA and rRT-PCR tests revealed significantly higher numbers of AI positive samples as compared to cell cultures or egg inoculation. All new strains were subtyped as H9N2 by real time and conventional RT-PCR. Drift mutations, addition or deletion of glycosylation sites were likely to have occurred in the HA and NA glycoproteins of Tunisian strains resulting in multiple new amino acid substitutions. This fact may reflect different evolutionary pressures affecting these glycoproteins. The role of these newly detected substitutions should be tested.\n\nConclusion\nOur findings highlight the potential risk of AIV to avian health. Strict enforcement of biosecurity measures and possible vaccination of all poultry flocks with continuous monitoring of poultry stations may ensure reduction of AIV prevalence and avoid emergence of more pathogenic strains.",
            "publicationTitle": "PLoS ONE",
            "publisher": "",
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            "title": "Canine leishmaniosis and its relationship to human visceral leishmaniasis in Eastern Uzbekistan",
            "creators": [
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Dmitriy A",
                    "lastName": "Kovalenko"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Shavkat A",
                    "lastName": "Razakov"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Evgeny N",
                    "lastName": "Ponirovsky"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Alon",
                    "lastName": "Warburg"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Rokhat M",
                    "lastName": "Nasyrova"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Valentina I",
                    "lastName": "Ponomareva"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Aziza A",
                    "lastName": "Fatullaeva"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Abdelmajeed",
                    "lastName": "Nasereddin"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Eyal",
                    "lastName": "Klement"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Mohammad Z",
                    "lastName": "Alam"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Lionel F",
                    "lastName": "Schnur"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Charles L",
                    "lastName": "Jaffe"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Gabriele",
                    "lastName": "Schönian"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Gad",
                    "lastName": "Baneth"
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            "abstractNote": "Background\nThe Namangan Region in the Pap District, located in Eastern Uzbekistan is the main focus of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Uzbekistan. In total, 28 cases of human VL were registered during 2006-2008 in this region. A study on the epidemiology of VL in this area was carried out in 2007-2008 in the villages of Chodak, Oltinkan, Gulistan and Chorkesar located at elevations of 900-1200 above sea level.\n\nResults\nA total of 162 dogs were tested for Leishmania infection. Blood was drawn for serology and PCR. When clinical signs of the disease were present, aspirates from lymph nodes and the spleen were taken. Forty-two dogs (25.9%) had clinical signs suggestive of VL and 51 (31.5%) were sero-positive. ITS-1 PCR was performed for 135 dogs using blood and tissue samples and 40 (29.6%) of them were PCR-positive. Leishmanial parasites were cultured from lymph node or spleen aspirates from 10 dogs., Eight Leishmania strains isolated from dogs were typed by multi-locus microsatellite typing (MLMT) and by multilocus enzyme electrophoretic analysis (MLEE), using a 15 enzyme system. These analyses revealed that the strains belong to the most common zymodeme of L. infantum, i.e., MON-1, and form a unique group when compared to MON-1 strains from other geographical regions.\n\nConclusions\nThe data obtained through this study confirm the existence of an active focus of VL in the Namangan region of Uzbekistan. The fact that L. infantum was the causative agent of canine infection with typical clinical signs, and also of human infection affecting only infants, suggests that a zoonotic form of VL similar in epidemiology to Mediterranean VL is present in Uzbekistan.",
            "publicationTitle": "Parasites & Vectors",
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            "pages": "58",
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