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            "title": "The impact of making vaccines thermostable in Niger's vaccine supply chain",
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                    "firstName": "Bruce Y.",
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                    "firstName": "Brigid E.",
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            "abstractNote": "uipment donation to hospitals in resource-limite\nd settings can significantly benefit services in th\nese settings albeit\nrequires important ethical, practical and financial\nissues to be considered before accepting donations\n. To understand the decision\nmaking process leading to acceptance/rejection/defe\nrment of equipment donation from the perspective of\na public sector teaching\ntertiary care hospital. Retrospective, record based\nstudy. A 2000-bedded public sector teaching tertia\nry care hospital in North\nIndia. A total of 30 cases of equipment donation fr\nom March 2010-October 2013, were analysed for their\ndecision process leading\nto acceptance/rejection/deferment. Each case was st\nudied retrospectively and data pertaining to the ag\nenda and decision taken was\ncollected This study highlights the importance of e\nquipment donation in resource limited settings and\nconsiderations involved while\nmaking decisions for acceptance/rejections/defermen\nt of such donations.",
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            "title": "Improving Procurement Practices in Developing Country Health Programs",
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                    "firstName": "Leslie",
                    "lastName": "Arney"
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            "abstractNote": "5\n2.\nINTRODUCTION\nDespite significant progress made by many countries toward meeting the Millennium\nDevelopment Goals, there has been little improvement in access to essential medicine\ns in\ndeveloping countries\n(1)\n.\nThe\nmean availability of essential medicines\nis lowest in the World\nHealth Organization (WHO) Africa Region, followed by the WHO South East Asia Region\n,\nthe\nregions which account for all but two of the least\n-\ndeveloped countries of the world\n(2,3)\n.\nAlthough different national procurement models exist across developing countries, the\nprovision of essential medicines to many of these populations relies heavily on public monies,\ninternational funding mechanisms and\ndonor agencies\n(4)\n.\nThe\nmean\navailability\nof select\nmedicines\nis also\nconsistently lower in the public se\nctor\nthan in the private sector across all\nWHO regions\n(2)\n.\nThe public entities largely responsible for the procurement of essentia\nl\nmedicines often lack the technical capacity to efficiently and strategically carry out the\nprocurement process; inadequate planning and forecasting and the use of archaic methods of\nprocurement contribute to high drug costs and commodity insecurity\n(4)\n.\nThe need for\nm\naximum efficiency and increased value\n-\nfor\n-\nmoney in the public procurement of health\ncommodities\ncannot be overstated in\nthese\nresource\n-\nlimited environments\n.\nAn\nimportant\noutcome of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness was a renewed focus on\nstrengthening national procurement systems\n, including a commitment by donors to increase\nthe use of co\nuntry systems and procedures\n(5,6)\n.\nAlthough the\nprivate\nsector is often used as a\nbenchmark for eff\niciency,\npublic sector\nprocuring\nentities face\nunique\nchallenges\nand\nconstraints\n, such as heigh\ntened public scrutiny\n.\nT\nhere is a need for transparency and\ncorruption prevention in the use of public monies, and many view the institutionalization of\nadditional controls and checks and balances as limiting to the agility and responsiveness of\nprocureme\nnt practices.\nSimilarly, the procurement of health commodities is different from the\nprocurement\nof non\n-\nhealth products. A\ns\nthe demand for medicines and health supplies reflect\nchanges in population health and environmental conditions, there exists a gre\nat need for\nflexibility and responsiveness\nin procurement and contracting.\nWe\nthere\nfore\nset out to\nexamine public sector procurement systems\nof\nhealth\ncommodities\nfor\nalternative,\nmore\nstrategic practices that may be suitable for global health supply chai\nns\n. We\nfirst assess\nprocurement systems of\nselect departments of\nthe U.S. Federal Government\nwhich\nprocure large volumes of pharmaceuticals\n.\nWe then explore the public procurement systems of\nselect developing countries of\ns\nub\n-\nSaharan Africa\n, and assess th\ne use and challenges to use of\nsuch alternative practices within these settings.\nThe aim of our study is to\nillustrate how\ntransparency and flexibility in procurement may be achieved simultaneously to improve\ncommodity security, even by national governmen\nt/public procuring entities operating under\nstrict public scrutiny",
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            "abstractNote": "It sounds very administrative and technical, but reform of government procurement – the rules that\nguide government purchasing of goods, works and services – is one of the most controversial\naspects of the good governance agenda. Donors have two goals: greater accountability and\ntransparency, which is limited because of its reliance on a one-size-fits-all approach; and greater\nefficiency, which is narrowly defined as value for money to be secured through open competition.\nThis not only restricts the flexibility of developing country governments to use procurement as a\npolicy tool for development, it can also have significant consequences for local firms that rely on\ngovernment contracts.",
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            "abstractNote": "Purpose - The objective this paper is to develop and describe a conceptual framework for collaborative Ethical Procurement Due Diligence (EPDD) between International Aid Non-Government Organisations (IANGOs) in Humanitarian Supply Chains (HSCs). Second, to explore EPDD relationships with IANGOs, IANGOs and their suppliers, IANGOs and their suppliers' suppliers, donors, IANGOs and IANGO suppliers. Design/methodology/approach - The approach takes the form of qualitative research in the shape of a number of in-depth interviews, and the collection of secondary information across 11 IANGO organisations with senior logistics and purchasing managers. Findings - Supply chain co-opetition strategies are being enacted by IANGOs to explore the formulation of EPDD. Concerns surrounding ethical risk in HSCs differ from commercial supply chains (CSCs) in relation to NGO relationships with donors and supplier networks. EPDD by IANGOs beyond the first tier of suppliers in HSCs is limited to Lead IANGO(s). Research limitations/implications - The case study approach adopted restricts the generality of findings; however, the research explores ethical behaviour in a new direction, that of IANGOs in HSCs, and their relationships with donors and supplier networks. This has implications for the management of ethical risk strategies in HSCs. Practical implications - The paper determines barriers and enablers to collaboration between NGOs and as such assists in the process of developing risk-rating systems for ethical procurement in NGO HSCs. Originality/value - This is the first study to investigate the issues surrounding collaborative ethical procurement in IANGO HSCs, and associated ethical procurement risk management strategies in relation to donors and supplier networks. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]",
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            "abstractNote": "Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of agility in the context of supply chains of humanitarian aid (HA) organizations, particularly non-government organizations (NGOs). This responds to the increasing pressure on NGOs to use their resources more strategically if they are to gain donor trust and long-term commitment. Design/methodology/approach - A literature-based approach that extends the commercial supply chain concept of agility to NGOs is combined with the first exploratory semi-structured interviews of these concepts with five NGO supply chain directors. Findings - The commercial concept of agility when responding to disaster relief holds strong potential for increasing efficiency and effectiveness, but this application is restrained by the absence of supporting information technology (IT) and the relegation of supply chain management (SCM) to the \"back office\" by NGOs. This has potential implications for NGOs and other HA agencies. Research limitations/implications - This paper represents an exploratory study, and an extended pool of interviewees would reinforce the qualitative findings. Planned future research will address this issue. Practical implications - Practical guidance on how NGOs can proactively manage their organization's ability to respond with agility in a highly pressured environment is provided. Originality/value - This paper is the first to offer practical guidance to managers of NGOs on strategies available to improve their organization's flexibility and agility, based on theoretical concepts and initial exploratory data. In addition, evidence of how commercial tools apply in a different arena may prompt commercial managers to be more innovative in utilizing and customizing supply chain principles to their particular context of operation. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]",
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            "abstractNote": "Purpose - By constantly working in environments with high degree of uncertainty, humanitarian organizations end up becoming specialists in the implementation of agile systems. Their counterparts in profit-making organizations have a lot to learn from them in this domain. Volatility of demand, imbalance between supply and demand and disruptions are all factors that affect commercial supply chains and call for a high level of agility. The aims of this paper are twofold: first, to clearly define the concept of supply chain agility, and second, to build a model for assessing the level of agility of a supply chain. Design/methodology/approach - Three approaches are used in this research: literature review, case study and symbolic modeling. Findings - The paper developed first, a framework for defining supply chain agility and second, a model for assessing and improving the capabilities of humanitarian and commercial supply chains in terms of agility, based on an analysis of humanitarian approaches. Research limitations/implications - The model has been developed thanks to inputs from humanitarian practitioners and feedbacks from academics. The practical application to various humanitarian relief operations and commercial supply chains is yet to be done. Originality/value - This paper contributes significantly to clarifying the notion of supply chain agility. It also provides a consistent, robust and reproducible method of assessing supply chain agility, which seems appropriate for both humanitarian and business sectors. Finally, it is complementary to existant research on humanitarian logistics. It shows that though humanitarian professionals have a lot to learn from the private sector, the reverse is also true. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]",
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