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Unfortunately both assumptions are flawed. We argue that traditional life/death definitions could be actually inadequate to represent the reality of dying under intensive support, and we suggest redefining NHBD protocols on moral, social, and anthropological criteria, admitting that irreversible (however defined) asystole can only equate a clinically determinable point of no return in the process of dying, where organ retrieval can be morally and socially accepted in previously consenting patients.", "publicationTitle": "J Med Ethics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2003", "volume": "29", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "182-5", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12796442", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "*Death" }, { "tag": "Attitude to Death" }, { "tag": "Cadaver" }, { "tag": "Heart Arrest/*physiopathology" }, { "tag": "Humans" }, { "tag": "Informed Consent" }, { "tag": "Morals" }, { "tag": "Public Opinion" }, { "tag": "Tissue and Organ Procurement/*ethics" } ], "collections": [ "VHX3VWSE" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z", "dateModified": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z" } }, { "key": "HKRIT8XW", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 1377, "name": "Ethics Salamanca", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/1377/items/HKRIT8XW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca/items/HKRIT8XW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11594, "username": "Alberto Molina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/alberto_molina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Yourcenar", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HKRIT8XW", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Memorias de Adriano", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Yourcenar" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2006 (1974)", "publisher": "Edhasa", "place": "Barcelona", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "VHX3VWSE" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z", "dateModified": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z" } }, { "key": "CVHTVZ6S", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 1377, "name": "Ethics Salamanca", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/1377/items/CVHTVZ6S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca/items/CVHTVZ6S", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11594, "username": "Alberto Molina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/alberto_molina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Youngner and Bartlett", "parsedDate": "1983", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CVHTVZ6S", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Human death and high technology: the failure of the whole-brain formulations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. J.", "lastName": "Youngner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E. T.", "lastName": "Bartlett" } ], "abstractNote": "Modern technology has raised questions about the definition of death, and various factors that influence public policy about declaring people dead. The widely accepted \"whole-brain\" definition of death is inadequate and should be replaced by a definition of \"irreversible loss of consciousness and cognition.\" Any definition that identifies the innate ability of the organism to \"integrate\" itself or function \"as a whole\" should be rejected. The proponents of such definitions fail to provide a standard for the selection of essential sub-systems. The innate integration of vegetative functions cannot be used as the necessary and sufficient condition for life. A person without innate integration can still be alive; a dead person retaining just this function can survive as a living, mindless organism. Only cognitive functions have a spontaneity that is, in principle, irreplaceable.", "publicationTitle": "Ann Intern Med", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1983", "volume": "99", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "252-8", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6881781", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "*Brain Death" }, { "tag": "*Death" }, { "tag": "*Technology, Medical" }, { "tag": "Brain/physiology" }, { "tag": "Cognition" }, { "tag": "Health Policy" }, { "tag": "Humans" }, { "tag": "Morals" }, { "tag": "Personhood" }, { "tag": "Psychology" }, { "tag": "Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't" }, { "tag": "Social Values" }, { "tag": "Sociology, Medical" } ], "collections": [ "VHX3VWSE" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z", "dateModified": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z" } }, { "key": "SD2WW66J", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 1377, "name": "Ethics Salamanca", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/1377/items/SD2WW66J", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca/items/SD2WW66J", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11594, "username": "Alberto Molina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/alberto_molina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Youngner and Arnold", "parsedDate": "2001", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SD2WW66J", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Philosophical debates about the definition of death: who cares?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. J.", "lastName": "Youngner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. M.", "lastName": "Arnold" } ], "abstractNote": "Since the Harvard Committee's bold and highly successful attempt to redefine death in 1968 (Harvard Ad Hoc committee, 1968), multiple controversies have arisen. Stimulated by several factors, including the inherent conceptual weakness of the Harvard Committee's proposal, accumulated clinical experience, and the incessant push to expand the pool of potential organ donors, the lively debate about the definition of death has, for the most part, been confined to a relatively small group of academics who have created a large body of literature of which this issue of the Journal of Medicine and Philosophy is an example. Law and public policy, however, have remained essentially unaffected. This paper will briefly review the multiple controversies about defining death in an attempt to explain why they have and will remain unresolved in the academic community and have even less chance of being understood and resolved by politicians, legislators, and the general public. Considering this, we will end by suggesting the probable course of public policy and clinical practice in the decades ahead.", "publicationTitle": "J Med Philos", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2001", "volume": "26", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "527-37", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11588658", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "*Death" }, { "tag": "*Thanatology" }, { "tag": "Bioethics" }, { "tag": "Brain Death/physiopathology" }, { "tag": "Humans" }, { "tag": "Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't" } ], "collections": [ "VHX3VWSE" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z", "dateModified": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z" } }, { "key": "65XHREKG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 1377, "name": "Ethics Salamanca", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/1377/items/65XHREKG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca/items/65XHREKG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11594, "username": "Alberto Molina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/alberto_molina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Youngner and Arnold", "parsedDate": "1993", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "65XHREKG", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Ethical, psychosocial, and public policy implications of procuring organs from non-heart-beating cadaver donors", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. J.", "lastName": "Youngner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. M.", "lastName": "Arnold" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Jama", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1993", "volume": "269", "issue": "21", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2769-74", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8492404", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "*Death" }, { "tag": "*Tissue Donors/legislation & jurisprudence/psychology/supply &" }, { "tag": "Advisory Committees" }, { "tag": "Brain Death" }, { "tag": "Cadaver" }, { "tag": "Disclosure" }, { "tag": "Ethics, Medical" }, { "tag": "Humans" }, { "tag": "Kidney" }, { "tag": "Organ Preservation" }, { "tag": "Public Policy" }, { "tag": "Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't" }, { "tag": "Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S." }, { "tag": "Terminology" }, { "tag": "Tissue and Organ Procurement/legislation & jurisprudence/*organization &" }, { "tag": "United States" }, { "tag": "Withholding Treatment" }, { "tag": "administration/standards/trends" }, { "tag": "distribution" } ], "collections": [ "VHX3VWSE" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z", "dateModified": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z" } }, { "key": "AN6NFIE5", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 1377, "name": "Ethics Salamanca", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/1377/items/AN6NFIE5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca/items/AN6NFIE5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11594, "username": "Alberto Molina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/alberto_molina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Youngner et al.", "parsedDate": "2004", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AN6NFIE5", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Introduction", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. J.", "lastName": "Youngner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L. A.", "lastName": "Siminoff" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Schapiro" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Kennedy Inst Ethics J", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2004", "volume": "14", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "211-5", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15495378", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "*Brain Damage, Chronic" }, { "tag": "*Brain Death" }, { "tag": "*Death" }, { "tag": "*Living Donors" }, { "tag": "*Tissue Donors" }, { "tag": "Anencephaly" }, { "tag": "Empirical Research" }, { "tag": "Humans" }, { "tag": "Persistent Vegetative State" }, { "tag": "Public Opinion" }, { "tag": "Tissue and Organ Procurement/*ethics" } ], "collections": [ "VHX3VWSE" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z", "dateModified": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z" } }, { "key": "QT56E4W8", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 1377, "name": "Ethics Salamanca", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/1377/items/QT56E4W8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca/items/QT56E4W8", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11594, "username": "Alberto Molina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/alberto_molina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Youngner et al.", "parsedDate": "1999", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QT56E4W8", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "When is \"dead\"?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. J.", "lastName": "Youngner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. M.", "lastName": "Arnold" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. A.", "lastName": "DeVita" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Hastings Cent Rep", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1999", "volume": "29", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "14-21", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10641239", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "*Death" }, { "tag": "*Ethics, Medical" }, { "tag": "*Tissue and Organ Procurement" }, { "tag": "Brain Death/*diagnosis" }, { "tag": "Euthanasia" }, { "tag": "Humans" }, { "tag": "Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't" }, { "tag": "Withholding Treatment" } ], "collections": [ "VHX3VWSE" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z", "dateModified": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z" } }, { "key": "UACH3P79", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 1377, "name": "Ethics Salamanca", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/1377/items/UACH3P79", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca/items/UACH3P79", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11594, "username": "Alberto Molina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/alberto_molina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Youngner et al.", "parsedDate": "1999", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UACH3P79", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "The definition of death: contemporary controversies", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.J", "lastName": "Youngner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R", "lastName": "Arnold" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R", "lastName": "Schapiro" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1999", "publisher": "The Johns Hopkins University Press", "place": "Baltimore", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "VHX3VWSE" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z", "dateModified": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z" } }, { "key": "4HK5TWP8", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 1377, "name": "Ethics Salamanca", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/1377/items/4HK5TWP8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca/items/4HK5TWP8", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11594, "username": "Alberto Molina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/alberto_molina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Youngner et al.", "parsedDate": "1996", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4HK5TWP8", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Organ transplantation. Meanings and realities", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Youngner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. C.", "lastName": "Fox" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L. J.", "lastName": "O'Connell" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1996", "publisher": "The University of Wisconsin Press", "place": "Madison", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "VHX3VWSE" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z", "dateModified": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z" } }, { "key": "Z7JAG634", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 1377, "name": "Ethics Salamanca", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/1377/items/Z7JAG634", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca/items/Z7JAG634", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11594, "username": "Alberto Molina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/alberto_molina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Youngner et al.", "parsedDate": "1989", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Z7JAG634", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "'Brain death' and organ retrieval. A cross-sectional survey of knowledge and concepts among health professionals", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. J.", "lastName": "Youngner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. S.", "lastName": "Landefeld" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. J.", "lastName": "Coulton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B. W.", "lastName": "Juknialis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Leary" } ], "abstractNote": "A sample of 195 physicians and nurses likely to be involved in organ procurement for transplantation was interviewed about knowledge, personal concepts, and attitudes concerning \"brain death\" and organ donation. Only 68 respondents (35%) correctly identified the legal and medical criteria for determining death. Personal concepts of death varied widely. Most respondents (58%) did not use a coherent concept of death consistently; others (19%) had a concept of death that was logically consistent with changing the whole-brain standard to classify anencephalics and patients in a persistent vegetative state as dead. The findings demonstrate confusion about correct criteria for determining death and differences in concepts of death that might prove troublesome to the transplantation enterprise. We conclude that health professionals should do more to resolve the clinical and conceptual issues in the definition and determination of death before policies concerning organ retrieval are changed.", "publicationTitle": "Jama", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1989", "volume": "261", "issue": "15", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2205-10", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2926968", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "*Comprehension" }, { "tag": "*Health Occupations" }, { "tag": "*Organ Procurement" }, { "tag": "Attitude of Health Personnel" }, { "tag": "Attitude to Health" }, { "tag": "Brain Death/*diagnosis" }, { "tag": "Brain Diseases" }, { "tag": "Human" }, { "tag": "Support, Non-U.S. Gov't" }, { "tag": "Thirty-five percent of those surveyed correctly identified the legal and" }, { "tag": "clinical criteria for determining death. There was a wide variation in" }, { "tag": "concept consistently. Others held a concept of death that was consistent" }, { "tag": "concepts, and attitudes concerning brain death and organ donation." }, { "tag": "differences in concepts of death that have implications for procurement of" }, { "tag": "in organ procurement for transplantation to determine knowledge, personal" }, { "tag": "more to resolve the issues in the definition and determination of death." }, { "tag": "organs for transplantation. They recommend that health professionals do" }, { "tag": "personal concepts of death, with most respondents not using a coherent" }, { "tag": "respondents opposed required request laws. The authors conclude that" }, { "tag": "their survey demonstrates confusion about determining death and" }, { "tag": "with expanding the definition of brain death. Twenty-three percent of the" } ], "collections": [ "VHX3VWSE" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z", "dateModified": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z" } }, { "key": "73UG25AU", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 1377, "name": "Ethics Salamanca", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/1377/items/73UG25AU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca/items/73UG25AU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11594, "username": "Alberto Molina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/alberto_molina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Youngner et al.", "parsedDate": "1985", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "73UG25AU", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Psychosocial and ethical implications of organ retrieval", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. J.", "lastName": "Youngner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Allen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E. T.", "lastName": "Bartlett" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H. F.", "lastName": "Cascorbi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T.", "lastName": "Hau" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D. L.", "lastName": "Jackson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. B.", "lastName": "Mahowald" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B. J.", "lastName": "Martin" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "N Engl J Med", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1985", "volume": "313", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "321-4", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4010741", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "*Attitude of Health Personnel" }, { "tag": "*Brain Death" }, { "tag": "*Ethics, Medical" }, { "tag": "*Tissue Donors" }, { "tag": "Child" }, { "tag": "Family" }, { "tag": "Humans" }, { "tag": "Morals" }, { "tag": "Mortuary Practice" }, { "tag": "Operating Room Nursing/education" }, { "tag": "Transplantation, Homologous" } ], "collections": [ "VHX3VWSE" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z", "dateModified": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z" } }, { "key": "EVKT3FRQ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 1377, "name": "Ethics Salamanca", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/1377/items/EVKT3FRQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca/items/EVKT3FRQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11594, "username": "Alberto Molina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/alberto_molina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Youngner", "parsedDate": "1994", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EVKT3FRQ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Brain death and organ transplantation: confusion and its consequences", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. J.", "lastName": "Youngner" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Minerva Anestesiol", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1994", "volume": "60", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "611-3", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7830930", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "*Brain Death/classification" }, { "tag": "*Organ Transplantation" }, { "tag": "Human" } ], "collections": [ "VHX3VWSE" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z", "dateModified": "2009-06-29T22:41:08Z" } }, { "key": "ACNFAA63", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 1377, "name": "Ethics Salamanca", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/1377/items/ACNFAA63", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ethics_salamanca/items/ACNFAA63", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11594, "username": "Alberto Molina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/alberto_molina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Youngner", "parsedDate": "1992", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ACNFAA63", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Defining death. A superficial and fragile consensus", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. 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