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            "abstractNote": "This exploratory research introduces the concept of Health-Protective Behavior (HPB), describes the activities that people perform to protect their health, identifies clusters of HPB, and examines the relation of selected Health Belief Model variables to HPB clusters. Data from interviews with 842 randomly selected adults indicate that: virtually everyone performs some HPB activities, the most commonly performed activities do not involve use of the health care system, several clusters of HPB emerge when the data are subjected to cluster analysis, HPB does not differ markedly by health condition of the respondents, and some Health Belief Model variables are moderately associated with the performance of activities within selected HPB clusters. These findings are compatible with a view of individuals as \"producers\" of health rather than simply consumers of health care.",
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            "title": "Effect of Peers and Friends on Youth Physical Activity and Motivation to be Physically Active",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Sarah-Jeanne",
                    "lastName": "Salvy"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "James N.",
                    "lastName": "Roemmich"
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                {
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                    "firstName": "Julie C.",
                    "lastName": "Bowker"
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                {
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                    "lastName": "Romero"
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                    "lastName": "Stadler"
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                    "firstName": "Leonard H.",
                    "lastName": "Epstein"
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            "abstractNote": "Objective To test whether the presence of a peer or a friend increases the motivation to be physically active in overweight and non-overweight youth in a laboratory setting. Methods Youth motivation to be physically active as a function of the social context was measured using a computerized relative reinforcing value task to earn points exchangeable for physical and/or sedentary activities. Results The presence of a friend (p<.001) increased youth's; motivation to be physically active. The presence of a peer increased overweight youth's; motivation to be physically active, whereas this was not the case for lean youth (p=.47). Participants biked a greater distance in the presence of a friend than when alone (p<.001). Overweight youth biked a greater distance in the presence of a peer than when alone, while this was not the case for lean youth (p=.23). Conclusions Friendships may increase youth's; motivation to engage in physical activity and promote greater physical activity in non-overweight and overweight youth.",
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            "abstractNote": "Whereas professional persuasion is a means to an immediate and instrumental end (such as increased sales or enhanced corporate image), ethical persuasion must rest on or serve a deeper, morally based final (or relative last) end. Among the moral final ends of journalism, for example, are truth and freedom. There is a very real danger that advertisers and public relations practitioners will play an increasingly dysfunctional role in the communications process if means continue to be confused with ends in professional persuasive communications. Means and ends will continue to be confused unless advertisers and public relations practitioners reach some level of agreement as to the moral end toward which their efforts should be directed. In this article we advance a five-part test (the TARES test) that defines this moral end, establishes ethical boundaries that should guide persuasive practices, and serves as a set of action-guiding principles directed toward a moral consequence in professional persuasion. The TARES Test consists of five principles: Truthfulness (of the message), Authenticity (of the persuader), Respect (for the persuadee), Equity (of the persuasive appeal) and Social Responsibility (for the common good). We provide checklists to guide the practitioner in moral reflection and application of TARES Test principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]",
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            "date": "June 2001",
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            "title": "Perceived barriers to physical activity by older adults",
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            "abstractNote": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceived barriers to physical activity by older adults. 199 volunteers responded to the Perceived Barriers Questionnaire (PBQ). The subjects resided in apartment residences for independent, healthy, older adults. Older adults perceived as many as 17 barriers to physical activity. The number of barriers per subject was significantly related to age and illness or handicap. The remaining factors, gender, income, activity and educational levels, were not related to the number of barriers. There was a significant difference among four specific types of barriers (i.e. Psychological, Administrative, Physical/Health, Knowledge) with barriers of the knowledge dimension being most often identified.",
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            "title": "Social interactions and smoking: evidence using multiple student cohorts, instrumental variables, and school fixed effects",
            "creators": [
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Jason M.",
                    "lastName": "Fletcher"
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            "abstractNote": "In this paper, I use a social interactions framework to detect whether individual smoking decisions are influenced by classmate smoking decisions. There are several large challenges in addressing this question, including the endogeneity of school (and thus classmates) through residential location choices, lsquothird factorsrsquo such as school-level unobservables that influence individual and classmate choices simultaneously, and the difficulty of the identification of parameters in empirical models of social interactions. In order to address these issues, I use an instrumental variables/fixed effects methodology that compares students in different grades within the same high school who face a different set of classmates and classmates' decisions. Preferred specifications suggest that increasing the proportion of classmates who smoke by 10% will increase the likelihood an individual smokes by approximately 3 percentage points. I compare these results with previous findings that are unable to use school fixed effects and/or use potentially invalid instruments and find that the current results suggest smaller social interactions in adolescent smoking decisions than some previous work. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",
            "publicationTitle": "Health Economics",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2010",
            "volume": "19",
            "issue": "4",
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            "pages": "466-484",
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            "DOI": "10.1002/hec.1488",
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    {
        "key": "3ZAJP7K3",
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            "creatorSummary": "Cohen-Cole and Fletcher",
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            "title": "Are All Health Outcomes 'Contagious'? Detecting Implausible Social Network Effects in Acne, Height, and Headaches",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Ethan",
                    "lastName": "Cohen-Cole"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Jason M.",
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            "abstractNote": "Current methods used in medical literatures to estimate social network effects of health outcomes may be biased to find these effects, even if none actually exist. Objective To investigate whether we detect network effects for health outcomes that are unlikely to be subject to network phenomena. Design Our methods include statistical analysis now common in network studies such as logistic regression analysis with own and friend's lagged health status controlled. We extend the analysis by controlling for environmental confounders. Setting Sub-samples of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Participants Between 4,300 and 5,400 male and female adolescents who nominated a friend in the dataset and who were both longitudinally surveyed. Measurements Health outcomes, including headache severity, acne severity, and height were self-reported by respondents in 1994/5, 1995/6, and 2000/1. Results We find statistically significant network effects in the acquisition of acne, headaches and height. A friend's acne problems increased an individual's odds of acne problems (OR: 1.47, 95% confidence interval [0.93-2.33]). The likelihood that an individual has headaches also increases with the presence of a friend with headaches (OR: 1.62 [0.91-2.89]). An individual's height increases by 20% of his/her friends' height [0.15-0.26]. Each of these results was estimated using standard methodology found in several publications in leading medical journals such as the New England Journal of Medicine and other outlets. However, once environmental confounders are controlled, the results become uniformly smaller and insignificant. Conclusions Caution is suggested in attributing correlations in health outcomes of close friends to social network effects, especially when environmental confounders are not adequately controlled in the analysis.",
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            "date": "December 15, 2008",
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            "shortTitle": "Are All Health Outcomes 'Contagious'?",
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            "title": "Persuade Into What? Why Human-Computer Interaction Needs a Philosophy of Technology",
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                    "lastName": "Fallman"
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            "abstractNote": "Persuasive interfaces in a class of interfaces belonging to a trend in contemporary HCI where user experiences matter more\nthan for instance user performance. In this paper, we argue that in this shift there is also a shift in accountability, but\nthat this shift tends to remain implicit in HCI. What makes a good user experience? To deal with these issues, we argue that\nHCI needs to develop a philosophy of technology. Two candidate accounts of contemporary philosophies of technology are introduced\nand discussed. First, Don Ihde develops a phenomenology of relations between human users, artifacts, and the world and technologies\nare seen as inherently non-neutral. Second, Albert Borgmann argues that we need to be cautious and rethink both the relationship\nas well as the often assumed correspondence between what we consider as useful and what we think of as good in terms of technology.",
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