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A model for text comprehension based on this notion accounts for the formation of a coherent semantic text base in terms of a cyclical process constrained by limitations of working memory. Furthermore, the model includes macro-operators, whose purpose is to reduce the information in a text base to its gist—the theoretical macrostructure. These operations are under the control of a schema, which is a theoretical formulation of the comprehender's goals. The macroprocesses are predictable only when the control schema can be made explicit. On the production side, the model is concerned with the generation of recall and summarization protocols. This process is partly reproductive and partly constructive, involving the inverse operation of the macro-operators. The model is applied to a paragraph from a psychological research report, and methods for the empirical testing of the model are developed. (55 ref)", "publicationTitle": "Psychological Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1978", "volume": "85", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "363-394", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1037/0033-295X.85.5.363", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1939-1471(Electronic);0033-295X(Print)", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "APA PsycNET", "callNumber": "", "rights": "(c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "model based on microlevel & macrolevel description of semantic structure of texts", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "text comprehension & production of recall & summarization protocols", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-01-03T05:03:30Z", "dateModified": "2013-01-03T05:03:30Z" } }, { "key": "JC2ZJ6TR", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 134802, "name": "CHI 2013 SC", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chi_2013_sc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/134802/items/JC2ZJ6TR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chi_2013_sc/items/JC2ZJ6TR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1247566, "username": "tiffanyliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tiffanyliu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bigham et al.", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JC2ZJ6TR", "version": 1, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "VizWiz: nearly real-time answers to visual questions", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeffrey P.", "lastName": "Bigham" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chandrika", "lastName": "Jayant" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hanjie", "lastName": "Ji" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Greg", "lastName": "Little" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrew", "lastName": "Miller" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert C.", "lastName": "Miller" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robin", "lastName": "Miller" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aubrey", "lastName": "Tatarowicz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brandyn", "lastName": "White" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Samual", "lastName": "White" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tom", "lastName": "Yeh" } ], "abstractNote": "The lack of access to visual information like text labels, icons, and colors can cause frustration and decrease independence for blind people. Current access technology uses automatic approaches to address some problems in this space, but the technology is error-prone, limited in scope, and quite expensive. In this paper, we introduce VizWiz, a talking application for mobile phones that offers a new alternative to answering visual questions in nearly real-time - asking multiple people on the web. To support answering questions quickly, we introduce a general approach for intelligently recruiting human workers in advance called quikTurkit so that workers are available when new questions arrive. A field deployment with 11 blind participants illustrates that blind people can effectively use VizWiz to cheaply answer questions in their everyday lives, highlighting issues that automatic approaches will need to address to be useful. Finally, we illustrate the potential of using VizWiz as part of the participatory design of advanced tools by using it to build and evaluate VizWiz::LocateIt, an interactive mobile tool that helps blind people solve general visual search problems.", "proceedingsTitle": "Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "ACM", "place": "New York, NY, USA", "date": "2010", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "333–342", "series": "UIST '10", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.1145/1866029.1866080", "ISBN": "978-1-4503-0271-5", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1866029.1866080", "accessDate": "2013-01-03T04:52:05Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "VizWiz", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACM Digital Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "blind users", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "non-visual interfaces", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "real-time human computation", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-01-03T04:52:05Z", "dateModified": "2013-01-03T04:52:05Z" } }, { "key": "VX7CXIG8", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 134802, "name": "CHI 2013 SC", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chi_2013_sc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/134802/items/VX7CXIG8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chi_2013_sc/items/VX7CXIG8", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/134802/items/M5FF9GQ4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1247566, "username": "tiffanyliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tiffanyliu", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "VX7CXIG8", "version": 2, "parentItem": "M5FF9GQ4", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2012-12-28T02:28:08Z", "url": "http://eltj.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/4/339.short", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "339.html", "md5": "78a1c825abf6c84bac6a23fb0e63c627", "mtime": 1356661688000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-12-28T02:28:08Z", "dateModified": "2012-12-28T02:28:08Z" } }, { "key": "M5FF9GQ4", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 134802, "name": "CHI 2013 SC", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chi_2013_sc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/134802/items/M5FF9GQ4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chi_2013_sc/items/M5FF9GQ4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1247566, "username": "tiffanyliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tiffanyliu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Shin and Nation", "parsedDate": "2008-10-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "M5FF9GQ4", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Beyond single words: the most frequent collocations in spoken English", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dongkwang", "lastName": "Shin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Nation" } ], "abstractNote": "This study presents a list of the highest frequency collocations of spoken English based on carefully applied criteria. In the literature, more than forty terms have been used for designating multi-word units, which are generally not well defined. To avoid this confusion, six criteria are strictly applied. The ten million word BNC spoken section was used as the data source, and the 1,000 most frequent spoken word types from that corpus were all investigated as pivot words. The most striking finding was that there is a large number of collocations meeting the six criteria and a large number of these would qualify for inclusion in the most frequent 2,000 words of English, if no distinction was made between single words and collocations. Many of these collocations could be usefully taught in an elementary speaking course.", "publicationTitle": "ELT Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008-10-01", "volume": "62", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "339-348", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "ELT J", "DOI": "10.1093/elt/ccm091", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://eltj.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/4/339", "accessDate": "2012-12-28T02:28:05Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0951-0893, 1477-4526", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Beyond single words", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "eltj.oxfordjournals.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-12-28T02:28:05Z", "dateModified": "2012-12-28T02:28:05Z" } }, { "key": "EDAQRD8W", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 134802, "name": "CHI 2013 SC", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chi_2013_sc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/134802/items/EDAQRD8W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chi_2013_sc/items/EDAQRD8W", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/134802/items/5WJVI48Z", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1247566, "username": "tiffanyliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tiffanyliu", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "EDAQRD8W", "version": 2, "parentItem": "5WJVI48Z", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2012-12-28T02:03:43Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0346251X05000229", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0346251X05000229.html", "md5": "f9ecb4422c0bcd20da990919786458f4", "mtime": 1356660223000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-12-28T02:03:43Z", "dateModified": "2012-12-28T02:03:43Z" } } ]