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            "note": "<p>Abstract:</p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px; color: #4c4c4c; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;\">The following thesis employs a Weberian theoretical approach in order to explore women's participation in a specific sect,<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span><span class=\"hit\" style=\"background-color: #f4e99d; color: #000000; padding: 0px 2px; z-index: 500 !important;\">Seventh</span>-<span class=\"hit\" style=\"background-color: #f4e99d; color: #000000; padding: 0px 2px; z-index: 500 !important;\">day Adventism</span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>(SDA), in the context of a broader discussion of Adventist history, belief, organization and transformation. In particular, the thesis explores the question of whether there exists a relationship between Adventism's evolving \"response to the world\" and gender norms and expectations as prescribed historically to Adventist women.</p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px; color: #4c4c4c; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;\">On the basis of fifty formal interviews with Adventists in four North American communities, participation in SDA worship and recreational activities for one year, and extensive review of SDA periodicals, the thesis analyzes gender in familial relationships, definitions of appropriate sexuality, women and wage labor participation, and the struggle by female pastors for ordination.</p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px; color: #4c4c4c; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;\">The thesis finds that early Adventists defined themselves in opposition to \"the world\" (secular society), and that in the context of this definition by distinction, Adventists encouraged women to assume positions of public religious responsibility and leadership not available to them in secular society. Later (following the turn of the century, but especially during the 1950s and 1960s), as Adventism adopted an accommodating response to the world, Adventists accepted prominent secular notions of gender appropriate activity, relegating men to the \"breadwinner\" role and discouraging women from engaging in any activity outside of the domestic sphere. Most recently, in response to the secular feminist movement (as well as a feminist movement within Adventism), Adventist leadership first resisted, then hesitantly endorsed a limited reexamination of gender roles as advocated within the sect.</p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px; color: #4c4c4c; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;\">The thesis concludes further that interview participants define gender in a manner consistent with roles advocated in Adventist publications during the 1950s and 1960s, and perceive the ideals they outline as being consistent with original Adventist expectations for women and men. In short,<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span><span class=\"hit\" style=\"background-color: #f4e99d; color: #000000; padding: 0px 2px; z-index: 500 !important;\">Seventh</span>-<span class=\"hit\" style=\"background-color: #f4e99d; color: #000000; padding: 0px 2px; z-index: 500 !important;\">day Adventism</span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>gradually adopted gender expectations that limited public leadership opportunities available to Adventist women. Bureaucratization and denominationalism of the movement were thus initially associated with a truncation of public leadership by women, though denominationalization eventually led to increased acceptance of secular gender expectations and norms.</p>",
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            "note": "<p>Abstract:</p>\n<div id=\"abstractDiv_MSTAR_906393595\" class=\"content display_record_abstract_copy \" style=\"margin: 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;\">\n<div id=\"abstract_field_MSTAR_906393595\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">\n<div id=\"abstractZone\" class=\"t-zone\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px;\"><em>Topic.</em><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>This study is a historical investigation examining the development of the Seventh-day Adventist understanding of Ellen White's prophetic gift between 1844 and 1889.</p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px;\"><em>Purpose.</em><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>The purpose of this study was to evaluate and analyze the stages of the development of the Seventh-day Adventist understanding of Ellen G. White's prophetic gift from 1844 through 1889 from a historical perspective only. This research is not a theological study and therefore it is beyond its scope to judge, to prove, or to disprove the prophetic gift of Ellen White. It starts with 1844 when Ellen White claimed to have received her first vision and finishes with 1889 when the major essential arguments for and against her prophetic gift were in place.</p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px;\"><em>Sources.</em><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>This research examined published and unpublished primary sources and documents related to Ellen White's prophetic gift from 1844 to 1889. Secondary sources were only used for background or historical context. The primary documents included periodicals, books, tracts, letters, and manuscripts written against or in defense of Ellen White. The majority of the sources were found in the General Conference Archives, the Ellen White Estate Office in Silver Spring, Maryland, and the Center for Adventist Research at Andrews University.</p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px;\"><em>Conclusions.</em><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>The study identified four general stages in the development of the Seventh-day Adventist understanding of Ellen White's prophetic gift. Stage one covered the period from 1844 to 1850 during which the Sabbatarian group established some initial arguments for its acceptance of Ellen White's claim of having the gift of prophecy. Stage two examined the years from 1851 to 1862 during which the movement developed a more systematic biblical reasoning for the validity of the modern display of the gift of prophecy and saw it as one of the identifying marks of God's true people. In stage three, from 1863 to 1881, Ellen White's prophetic gift became a part of the Seventh-day Adventist statement of beliefs. The denomination also clarified questions related to the relationship between Ellen White's writings and the Bible. Stage four, from 1882 to 1889, refined Adventism's understanding of Ellen White's prophetic gift in relation to the doctrine of inspiration and questions of suppression and plagiarism. By the end of 1889 Seventh-day Adventists had developed their major arguments for their belief in Ellen White and were convinced that she possessed the genuine gift of prophecy.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p><a id=\"indexing\" class=\"start\" style=\"color: #00569f; text-decoration: initial; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 15px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;\" name=\"indexing\"></a><br class=\"Apple-interchange-newline\" /></p>",
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            "note": "<p>Appears to have very useful bibliography, including references to unpublished materials</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>",
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            "note": "<p>Abstract:</p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px; color: #4c4c4c; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\"I Do Not Mean To Live A Coward or Die A Coward\" examines the lifelong relationship between Ellen G. White, cofounder of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination and prolific author and social activist, and black people. The period analyzed (1827-1915) was one of watershed not only for African Americans, but the United States of America and the Seventh-day Adventist church. This project highlights the life of this American religious pioneer and her writings and activism on behalf of blacks during this time of continual national crises.</p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px; color: #4c4c4c; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;\">This dissertation's thesis is that Ellen White's distinct worldview, informed by Seventh-day Adventist beliefs and purported divine revelations, as well as her role of prophet and de facto leader in the church, enabled and impelled her to become a catalyst for impressive programs of uplift for African Americans in the Jim Crow South. Indeed, Ellen White's prolific output on the denomination's need to address the wrongs perpetrated on blacks by the American republic established the foundation for the evangelistic missions that grew the church to its present membership of sixteen million, over ninety percent of which are people of color. What emerges is a critical portrait of a spiritual leader who made significant contributions to black progress through a marginal religious group.</p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px; color: #4c4c4c; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;\">The following factors are considered through the perspective of how each may have shaped Ellen White's attitudes toward blacks: the milieu in which she was born and raised; formative experiences in her youth; early relationships with African Americans; the religious upheavals of her teenage years and her participation in them; and White's role in the founding of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination.</p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px; color: #4c4c4c; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;\">Next, the trajectory of White's career and its ramifications for her black activism is considered, as well as her writings on slavery, Civil War and the postbellum era; the development of her ideas on health, education and missions; her family life; and her denominational assignments, such as pioneering the Adventist faith in Europe and Australia.</p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px; color: #4c4c4c; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;\">Finally, Ellen White's role in the establishment of programs for the evangelization and education of African Americans in the South is highlighted, with an emphasis on how her maturing worldview and position in the denomination enabled her productivity. Treated is her relationship with her son Edson; her role in the founding of SDA institutions for African Americans; the influence she had on the SDA church in their attitudes and effort for blacks; her extensive literary output; her grappling with the incendiary racial dilemmas of her day; and her most controversial statements on these issues. White's legacy and impact in the area of race on<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span><span class=\"hit\" style=\"background-color: #f4e99d; color: #000000; padding: 0px 2px; z-index: 500 !important;\">Seventh</span>-<span class=\"hit\" style=\"background-color: #f4e99d; color: #000000; padding: 0px 2px; z-index: 500 !important;\">day Adventism</span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>is probed, as well as the wider influence of her work for black people.</p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px; color: #4c4c4c; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;\">This project proposes to show the vital links between Ellen White's distinct religious worldview and powerful position in the<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span><span class=\"hit\" style=\"background-color: #f4e99d; color: #000000; padding: 0px 2px; z-index: 500 !important;\">Seventh</span>-<span class=\"hit\" style=\"background-color: #f4e99d; color: #000000; padding: 0px 2px; z-index: 500 !important;\">day Adventism</span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>denomination, and the effect that these had on her attitude to a people mistreated by the American nation. Religion, long framed as the culprit or at least the abettor of the racial atrocities of the modern era, is seen as a force for identification with the oppressed and marginalized, and a formidable agent for the address and alleviation of wrongs perpetrated on them. The Seventh-day Adventist, Ellen White, is offered as a model for the possibility of religion as a vehicle for enablement instead of oppression.</p>",
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            "abstractNote": "From its inception, Christianity has struggled with the definition of what is or is not an authentic form of the faith. The question of legitimacy has faced every emerging religious group. From its inception in the nineteenth century, Seventh-day Adventism struggled with the question of whether acknowledgment by other Christian groups was desirable or simply a sign that it had compromised its calling. In the 1950s, following meetings with LeRoy Froom and other Adventist leaders, prominent fundamentalists Donald Gray Barnhouse and Walter Martin declared Adventism a part of the Christian community. Their embrace of Adventism inflamed some members of the fundamentalist community who considered Adventism a \"cult\" as well as those Adventists who believed that fraternization with fundamentalists threatened their own unique purpose. This work chronicles the development of Adventist doctrine and how those doctrines led to its precarious relationship with those in the Christian community to which they had the most affinity, fundamentalists. Despite the fact that there are still many fundamentalist churches today which consider Adventism to be a cult, the issue no longer dominates the pages of major evangelical journals. Much of the credit for that belongs to those who were persistent enough to reach out a hand to each another in the 1950s and tried to understand what lay on the other side.",
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