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            "note": "<!-- \t\t@page { margin: 2cm } \t\tP { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } -->\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Exzerpt: \"Stigmatisierende Mediendiskurse in der kosmopolitanen Einwanderungsgesellschaft\" (Yildiz 2006)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Yildiz, Erol. 2006</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Stigmatisierende Mediendiskurse in der kosmopolitanen Einwanderungsgesellschaft</span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">In <em>Massenmedien, Migration und Integration : Herausforderungen für Journalismus und politische Bildung</em>, hrsg. Christoph Butterwegge und Gudrun Hentges. Wiesbaden: VS Verl. für Sozialwissenschaften, p. 37-54.</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Die kosmopolitane Einwanderungsgesellschaft</span></strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">38</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">im \töffentlichen Diskurs wird Globalisierung negativ bewertet, aber \teigentlich ist sie der Weg zur postnationale Weltgesellschaft</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">positive \tund negative Seiten der „Öffnungsprozesse“</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">„Entnationalisierungstendenzen“ \twerden von manchen als Bedrohung wahrgenommen</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">39</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">„Migration, \twie auch immer motiviert, beschleunigt die Globalisierungsprozesse \tund ist für die Realisierung der Weltgesellschaft konstitutiv.“</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">MigrantInnen \tstellen nur durch ihre Anwesenheit „ethnische und nationale \tIdentitäten in Frage“</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">„Bei \tunseren gesellschaftlichen Konstruktionen der Wirklichkeit nutzen \twir ständig Informationen und Deutungen, die medial vermittelt \twerden.“</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">„Insofern \tspielen Medien als Transportmittel bei der Verbreitung und \tVerstärkung bestimmter Deutungen und Bilder eine wichtige Rolle und \ttragen zu deren Veralltäglichung und Normalisierung bei. Die \tMassenmedien nehmen mit ihren Diskursen an der Konstruktion der \tWirklichkeit wesentlich teil und prägen auch unsere Wahrnehmung.“</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">39f</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">aber \tMedien konstruieren nicht neue Wirklichkeiten und Verursachen somit \tNationalismus und Rassismus</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">40</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">„vermitteln \tund verstärken“ vorhandene gesellschaftliche Konstruktionen</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">„Zunächst \tim wissenschaftlichen und politischen Kontext formiert, wurde der \tGhettodiskurs erst durch die mediale Inszenierung salonfähig.“</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Medien \ttragen dazu bei, dass bestimmte Diskurse zu „dominanten Diskursen“ \t(Foucault) werden und andere (z.B. Alltagserfahrungen) \tmarginalisiert werden</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Themensetzen \tdurch Medien, dadurch Beitrag zur Wirklichkeitskonstruktion</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">bestimmten \twas und wie es diskutiert wird</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Der ewige Ghettodiskurs</span></strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">41</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">EinwandererInnen \tsind in Gesellschaft angekommen, integraler Bestandteil als \tArbeiterInnen, AkademikerInnen, Arbeitslose</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">das \twird aus „politischen Gründen“ oft ignoriert, stattdessen wird \tGhetto- und Parallelgesellschaftsdiskurse betont</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">„Die \tmedial erzeugten Realitäten korrespondieren nicht mit der \tkosmopolitanen Alltagswirklichkeit in den Städten, sondern spiegeln \teher die 'Mythen des Alltags' (Roland Barthes) über die \tEinwanderung wider.“</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">„Auf \tdiese Wiese treiben die Medien den Ethnisierungsprozess voran, […] \tund verstärken rassistische Tendenzen in der Gesellschaft.“</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">der \tdominante Diskurs beinhaltet stigmatisierende Begriffe wie „Ghetto“ \toder „Ausländerkriminalität“; dem gegenüber relativiert der \tAlltagsdiskurs Grenzen; Alltagsdiskurs = „Alltägliche und \tPragmatische im Gegensatz zum Normativen und Festgesetzen“</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Ghettodiskurs \that lange Geschichte; von Ausländerforschung und -pädagogik \tmitproduziert seit 80er Jahre</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">42</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">legitimiert \tpolitische Konzepte durch Wissenschaftlichkeit</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Zweisprachigkeit \tsei Desintegration ist Resultat dieser Wissenschaft</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">„Der \tGhettodiskurs impliziert eine Art von Wissensproduktion, eine \tbesondere Strategie, die tief in die Praxis verwickelt ist.“</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">43</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">„Ghettometapher“ \tist wichtiger Bestandteil des deutschen Diskurse über Einwanderung \tund ordnet dem entsprechend Wirklichkeit; \tAlltagserfahrungen/-diskurse werden ignoriert „oder aus einer \tspezifischen Ghettoperspektive interpretiert“</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Ausländerforschung \that sich eigenen Forschungsgegenstand durch Homogenisierung \terschaffen</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">produziertes \tWissen wird von Medien übernommen</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Ausländer \tals „Betreuungsobjekte“</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Ethnisches Wissen als Handlungsgrammatik</span></strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">44</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">„ethnisches \tWissen“ wird zu Alltagswissen und prägt dadurch Wahrnehmung von \tEinwanderung; „verleiht dem Alltagshandeln eine gewisse \tPlausibilität“; „legitimiert die vorhandenen \tMachtverhältnisse“, „fließt als Deutungsangebot in die \tgewöhnliche Alltagspraxis ein</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">binäre \tKonstruktion „Inländer – Ausländer“ ist nicht an \tbiologischen/natürlichen Merkmalen festgemacht, sondern soziale \tPraxis, mit der im Alltag Unterscheidung reproduziert wird; dies ist \tAkteurInnen aber nur begrenzt bewusst</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">45</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">„Ghettometaphorik“ \tund „Desintegrationsproblematik“ tauchen öfters in Medien auf, \twerden dort zusätzlich dramatisiert; dadurch werden strukturelle zu \tethnischen/kulturellen Problemen</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">46</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">„Sprachrassismus“, \tweil Abwertung von Türkisch; keine Problematisierung vn Englisch \tund Französisch in Öffentlichkeit, gilt als kosmopolitan</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Begriffe \twie „Ausländerdeutsch“ und „ethnische Kolonien“ implizieren \tLösungen für Probleme, die dadurch definiert werden</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Ghetto oder kosmopolitane Neuorientierung?</span></strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">46-51</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Beispiel \tKeupstraße, Köln-Mülheim</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Studie \tüber das Leben in der Keupstraße reproduziert Ghettobild</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Alltagsrealität \tstellt sich anders da</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">49</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">„Entgegen \tder in der Öffentlichkeit verbreiteten Meinung entstand dabei kein \tgeschlossenes Ghetto, sondern eine neue Mischkultur, die freilich \toptisch von den türkischen Einwanderern dominiert wird.“</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">„'orientalische' \tInszenierung“; Erfindung neuer Traditionen</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">„globaler \tSozialraum, der Mehrfachloyalitäten ermöglicht“</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">50</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">„kosmopolitanes \tRaumgefühl“</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Jugendkultur \tlässt sich nicht Herkunft zuordnen, altersspezifisch und \tdifferenziert</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Wahrgenommen \tDiskriminierung führt zu Irritationen; Zwiespalt zwischen \t„Rückzugstendenzen“ und „offensiver Quartieröffnung“</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">dominante \töffentliche Diskurs verdrängt Alltagsdiskurs der Straße</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">51</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Zusammenfassend \tkann festgehalten werden: Der dominante Ghettodiskurs konstruiert, \twenngleich er mit der Alltagswirklichkeit und den Erfahrungen der \tQuartierbewohner/innen nicht korrespondiert, seine eigene \tWirklichkeit und bleibt nicht ohne Einfluss auf die Gesellschaft und \tdamit auf die alltägliche und subjektive Wahrnehmung der \tBevölkerung.“</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Einfluss \tauf kulturelle und ökonomische Entwicklung, dadurch beteiligt an \t„Materialisation städtischer Räume“</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Grundlage \tkommunalpolitischer Entscheidungen</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">tatsächlichen \tProzesse im Quartier werden übersehen oder ignoriert, da \tAlltagsdiskurse ignoriert werden</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">Schlussfolgerung</span></strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">52</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">„Der \tkulturalistische und ethnisch verengte Blick auf Menschen mit \tMigrationshintergrund ignoriert sowohl die systematische und \tpolitische als auch die soziale Integration der Einwanderer als \tMitglieder der Gesellschaft.“</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;\">„Wende \tzur kosmopolitanen Alltagsrealität“ ist nötig</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>",
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            "note": "<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Exzerpt: “The Second Generation in Germany: Between School and Labor Market.” (Worbs, S. 2003)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Worbs, S. (2003).</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong>The Second Generation in Germany: Between School and Labor Market. </strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><em>International Migration Review</em>, <em>37</em>(4), 1011-1038.</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong>Migration History in Postwar Germany</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">1012</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">migration from Turkey to Germany \tbeginning of 20<sup>th</sup> Century; students, businessmen, migrant \tworkers from Ottoman to German empire; but not much</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">2/r of rural origin, but half had \tlived in cities before migration</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">1013</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">average level of education low</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">permission at beginning for two \tyears, but limitation dropped in 1964</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">90 % have quite secure status \t(“Aufenthaltserlaubnis” or “-berechtigung”)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong>The Second Generation</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">1014</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">37,4 % of \tTurkish nationals in Germany are born here; 86,8 % of the under 18 \tyrs old (not included naturalized and before age of migrated)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong>Major Features if the Academic Discourse</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">1015</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">appearance of \t“Ausländerpädagogik” in 1970s</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">not much \tstatistics and literature on young foreigners; problem comparison of \tforeigners and Germany, without considering naturalization</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">1016</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">indications \tin Germany born children of migrants, education in Germany, German \tcitizenship better structural integration</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Turks are \tseen as most difficult to integrate</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">but some \tstatistics show that not so much deficits in integration of Turks \tsecond generation</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">this concerns \tmedia usage and language skills</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">but more \tethnic homogeneous networks and little identification with host \tcountry, but tendency to more interethnic contacts</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong>Education</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">1021</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Germans \tgraduate more often from Realschule or Gymnasium, than second \tgeneration Yugoslavian or Turks; Turks are worst; women are better \tthan men</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">but \t“in-between-generation” (entered Germany after age of 6) are \teven less successful; that means slight progress for second \tgeneration</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">if comparing \t\tthe foreigner with German students; in-between included, but \t\tnaturalized excluded</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">1023</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">few social \tmobility in all three groups (Germany, Yugoslavs, Turks); “impact \tof intergenerational transmission”</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">but \t\tautochthonous stay stable on high education level, Turks on low</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Turks have \t\tmore upward mobility than Germans</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">1024</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">different \tstudies with different explanations for lower education outcome</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">focus in \t\tmigrant families: lack of resources, and cultural difference, low \t\teducation of parents; language deficits</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">studies \t\t\t(based on self-assessment) show no lack in Germany competence in \t\t\tsecond generation</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">1025</p>\n<ul>\n<li> \n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">insufficient \t\tGerman school system: PISA shows; early selection</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">other \t\tfactor: more often assigned to special needs school and turned down \t\tfor enrollment</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">but \t\t\tinstitutional discrimination and individual (of teachers) is \t\t\tdifficult to prove</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong>Transition from School to Work</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">1027</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">more Germans \t(especially women) take higher track (Gymnasium, University); Turks \thave highest rate of unskilled (especially men)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">1028</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">second \tgeneration (Yugoslavian and Turks) more often in vocational training \tthan Germans</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">women in all \tthree groups more often in university</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">higher \tunemployment in second generation, particularly Turks</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Turks highest \tpercentage of persons who are not in school, vocational training nor \tlabour market</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">1029</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">apprenticeship \tis positive, but three problems</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">shortage of \t\tapprenticeships; competition; second generation in traditional \t\tbranches maybe lack of information</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">social \t\tnetworks: most Turks are in certain branches</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">lower \t\tattendance of foreign girls</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong>Labour Market</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">1030</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">labour market \tprimary area of integration from the beginning of labour migration</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">now not much \tlegal barriers in labour market for migrants with legal resident</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Turkish \tsecond generation are over represented on unskilled work</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">1031</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">other studies \tshow integration over generation, but differences with autochthonous \tgroup remain</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Turkish and \tItalian migrants have constantly highest unemployment rate of all \tguestworker</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">holds true \tfor Turkish second generation as well</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">1032</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">reasons for \thigh unemployment of Turkish second generation</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; 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            "note": "<!-- \t\t@page { margin: 2cm } \t\tP { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } -->\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Exzerpt: \"Zur historischen Kontinuität von Argumentationsmustern im Migrationsdiskurs\" (Wengeler 2006)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Wengeler, Martin. 2006</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Zur historischen Kontinuität von Argumentationsmustern im Migrationsdiskurs</span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">In <em>Massenmedien, Migration und Integration : Herausforderungen für Journalismus und politische Bildung</em>, hrsg. Christoph Butterwegge und Gudrun Hentges. Wiesbaden: VS Verl. für Sozialwissenschaften, p. 13-36.</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">13</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">zwei Positionen zu \tRegierungswechsel 1998 und neue Einwanderungsdebatte</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">jetzt wird alles besser (Herbert, \t\tBade)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">nach wie vor pluralen \t\trassistischen Diskurs (Duisburger Institut für Sprach- und \t\tSozialforschung)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">beide Positionen zu pauschal, \ttreffen nicht zu</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">14</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">bei pessimistischer Sichtweise \twird Möglichkeit der Einflussnahme auf Diskurse ignoriert oder \tunterschätzt; Optimismus verkennt anhaltende Abwehrdiskurse gegen \tEinwanderung</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong>1. Zur empirischen Grundlage und zur Untersuchungsmethode</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">14f</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">„empirisch-systematische \tUntersuchung vornehmlich überregionaler Tageszeitungen wie FAZ oder \tSZ“, 1960-65, 1970-75, 1980-85, 1990-2002</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">15</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">„diskursgeschichtlicher \tZugang“</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong>2. Neuere Argumentationsmuster</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">16</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Demokratie-Topos. \t„Einwanderung müsse administrativ und nachvollziehbar gestaltet \twerden“, brauch Unterstützung der Bevölkerung</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">16f</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Aufklärungs-Topos: \tZuwanderung müsse der Bevölkerung „vermittelt“ werden</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">17</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Verbindung \tdes Einwanderungsdiskurs mit Bildungsdiskurs ist neu; Anwerben von \tqualifizierten Arbeitskräften</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Anpassungs-Topos: \tIntegrationsunwilligkeit bei einigen; Leitkultur</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Kontrast zu \t\tDiskurs früher. Deutsche sollen doch tolerant sein, um Integration \t\tzu ermöglichen</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Kultur- und \tÜberfremdungstopos war schon immer Thema</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">18</p>\n<ul>\n<li> \n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">aber \t\tAnpassungsforderung durch Leitkultur-/Nationalidentitätsdebatte \t\tneue Qualität</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong>3. Traditionelle Argumentationsmuster</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">„wirtschaftlicher \tNutzen“ kein neuer Topos, mit Green-Card-Debatte neu aufgekommen, \twar für 20 Jahre verschwunden, in 60er und 70er Jahren aber schon \tverbreitet</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Anfang 70er \teher Diskussion über gesellschaftliche Folgen von</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">heute wie \tfrüher wird „wirtschaftlicher Nutzen“ für und gegen \tEinwanderung benutzt</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">19</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Kontinuität \tfällt Öffentlichkeit nicht auf, da „Pausen“ dazwischen</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Belastungs-Topos: \twaren angeblich schon 1972 erreicht und dann Anfang der 90er; wird \timmer zur Legitimierung politischer Maßnahmen benutzt</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">„Der \tBelastungs-Topos kann als ein prägnantes Beispiel für die \töffentliche sprachliche Konstruktion von Wirklichkeit betrachtet \twerden, von deren Gelingen die Durchsetzung bestimmter politischer \tForderungen abhängt, die aber auch – in diesem Fall – den \tgesellschaftlichen Umgang mit (ethnischen) Minderheiten \tbeeinflusst.“</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">wenn sich \tKonstruktion der Wirklichkeit durchsetzt, wird Belastungsgrenze real \tund leitend für gesellschaftliches Handeln</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">20</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Gefahren-Topos: \tGefahr von unkontrollierte Zuwanderung, das Ausmalen von Gefahren \t„funktioniert“ seit 30 Jahren (z.B. Einschränkung des \tAsylrechts)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">seit 11. \t\tSeptember neue Qualität, Terrorismus in Deutschland durch \t\tEinwanderung; Legitimiert verschärfte Zuwanderung</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">21</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Topos der \tindividuellen Folgen: Folgen für die einzelnen ArbeiterInnen bzw. \tArbeitslosen, weil Ausländer Arbeitsplätze wegnehmen; hat auch \tTradition in Deutschland</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">1960er: \t\tLohndumping durch „GastarbeiterInnen“</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">73-75: \t\tArbeitslosigkeit</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">danach: \t\tSchaden für bereits hier lebende AusländerInnen, weil nur \t\tIntegration wenn nicht weiterer Zuzug</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">22</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">pro \tEinwanderung haben folgende Topi Tradition; ihre quantitative \tBedeutsamkeit Grund für Notwendigkeit zu Differenzieren, nicht nur \tAblehnende Diskurse</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Humanitäts-Topos</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">23</p>\n<ul>\n<li> \n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Realitäts-Topos</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong>4. Schlussbemerkung</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">pro \tEinwanderungs Topoi zeigen positive Tendenzen in \tEinwanderungsdebatte seit 1998, auch wenn Argumentationen nicht neu</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">aber auch \theute noch viel Ablehnung von Einwanderung mit entsprechenden \tArgumentationen</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">24</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">seit 80er \tauftretende Demagogie-Topos</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">differenzierte \tDiskursbetrachtung ermöglicht „Chancen und Widerstände“ zu \tsehen</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">„Der \töffentliche Diskurs ist in seiner Gesamtheit weder rassistisch noch \terst in letzter Zeit einwanderungsfeindlich geworden, leider aber \tauch nicht so weit gediehen, dass es möglich wäre, mit den oft \tbenutzten Pro-Einwanderungs-Argumentationsmustern liberale \tRegelungen politisch durchzusetzen.“</p>\n</li>\n</ul>",
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            "note": "<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Exzerpt: „<span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Einbürgerung: Rahmenbedingungen, Motive und Perspektiven des Erwerbs der deutschen Staatsangehörigkeit“ (Thränhardt 2008)</span></span></span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Thränhardt, Dietrich. 2008.</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>Einbürgerung: Rahmenbedingungen, Motive und Perspektiven des Erwerbs der deutschen Staatsangehörigkeit</strong></span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><em>Gutachten für die Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Bonn</em>. Bonn: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Abt. Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik.</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">5</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">politische Debatte um \tEinbürgerung:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Einbürgerung als „Krönung der \t\tIntegration“ oder als „Beitrag zur Integration“</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">einerseits wird Einbürgerung als \t\tLoyalitätsbeweis verlangt, andererseits Misstrauen vor allem \t\tgegenüber muslimischen EinwandererInnen</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">27</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">öffentliche Diskussion: \tEinbürgerung als „bewusster Schritt zur Integration und \tIdentifikation mit dem neuen Land“; „Krönung der \tIntegrationskarriere“</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Interviews zeigen allerdings \tvielfältige Motive</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">oft eher instrumentelle Gründe</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Reisefreiheit</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Aufenthaltssicherheit; \tvereinfachtes Pendeln v.a. zwischen Türkei und Deutschland; weniger \tbürokratischer Aufwand</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Wehrpflicht: keine türkische \tWehrpflicht</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">ÄrztInnen und BeamtInnen</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">27f</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Diskriminierung: Diskriminierung \tgäbe es auch mit deutschem Pass; aber Hoffnung auf Verringerung</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">28</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">auf instrumentell Gründe sollten \tanerkannt werden in Öffentlichkeit</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">33</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">da Rechtssicherheit für lange in \tDeutschland lebende TürkInnen recht hoch, weniger Motivation für \tEinbürgerung</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">in Niederlanden ist größte Teil \tder TürkInnen eingebürgert</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">34</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">sinken Einbürgerungsrate von \tTürkInnen in Berlin möglicherweise Resultat der Einschränkung von \tDoppelstaatsbürgerschaften</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">35</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Umfrage von 2001 ein zeigt, dass \t75 % der TürkInnen sich nicht einbürgern lassen, weil sie \ttürkischen Pass nicht abgeben wollen</p>\n</li>\n</ul>",
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            "note": "<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Exzerpt. \"Widerstand und Shade\" (Tate 2003)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Tate, Shirley. 2003</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Widerstand und Shade - Körperpolitiken des Schwarzseins und die Risse der Hybridität</span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">In <em>Spricht die Subalterne deutsch? Migration und postkoloniale Kritik.</em>, hrsg. Hito Steyerl und Encarnación Gutiérrez Rodríguez. Münster: Unrast, p. 166- 185.</p>\n<p><br /><br /></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Interviews mit „mixed-race“ \tFrauen zu Hybridität und Schwarzer Identität</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">169</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">weiß ist unmarkiert, schwarz ist \tmarkiert</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">helle Haut bietet Blackness die \t„Möglichkeit der Bewegung“</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">170</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">„vielstimmige Texte“ durch \t„Überlagerung von Stimmen“, in diesem performativen Raum sind \t„Artikulationen von Hybridität“ möglich</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">173f</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Bhabha: „Verschiebung des  \tÜberwachungsauges durch Mimikry“; Nicht-erwartetes wird \tproduziert, weil kolonialer Diskurs andere Konstruktion vorgesehen</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">174</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Spivak</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">175</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">für „Hybridität des Alltags“ \tmüssen sich Stimmen überlagern</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">„Hier, in diesem Raum der \tDifferenzierung, entsteht die Hybridität des Alltags, d.h. es \twerden Identitätspositionen im Gespräch ausgehandelt, indem die \tSprecherInnen verschiedene Stimmen re-orchestrieren. SprecherInnen \tentwickeln ihren eigenen Standort, sie schaffen sich eine eigene \tStimme, indem sie andere kritisieren.“</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">177</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">„Diese Transgression bezeichne \tich als Dem-Auge-der-Macht-Widersprechen und lokalisiere es in der \tHybridität des Alltags. Dieses Widersprechen beinhaltet die \tKonstruktion eines Gegendiskurses, in welchem Schwarze Authentizität \tvon <em>Shade</em><span style=\"font-style: normal;\"> der Haut losgelöst \twird. Es geht hier um die Re-Positionierung einer Identität, die \tzugleich dem Zeichen der Schwarzen Haut widersteht, zugleich jedoch \tdie gesellschaftliche Wirkungsmächtigkeit von </span><em>race</em><span style=\"font-style: normal;\"> für die Ausbildung von Identität anerkennt.“</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-style: normal;\">178f</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-style: normal;\">sich \tauf Blackness unabhängig von Shade zu beziehen bedeutet \tRekonfiguration der Bedeutung von Blackness</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-style: normal;\">179</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">„<span style=\"font-style: normal;\">Hybridität \tstellt ein alltägliches interaktionales Phänomen dar, das in der \tAushandlung von Identitätspositionen im Gespräch auftritt \tinsbesondere dann, wenn die SprecherInnen die Positionierung als \tandere gegen die Positionierung 'des anderen Schwarzen unabhängig \tvom Hautton' austauschen.“</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-style: normal;\">damit \twird </span><em>race</em><span style=\"font-style: normal;\"> zu einer \tFrage der Erfahrung und de-essentialisiert; Dichotomie Schwarz/weiß \twird nicht geleugnet, aber Möglichkeit darüber hinaus zu gehen, \tErweiterung der Kategorie Schwarz</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-style: normal;\">Verschiebung \tder Zuschreibungen „im Spannungsverhältnis von Identität und \tDifferenz“; Einnahme der Zwischenräume</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-style: normal;\">180</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">„<span style=\"font-style: normal;\">Die \tGespräche zeigen, dass Hybridität performativ ist. Hybridität ist \tder Effekt der Performanz und wird performativ konstituiert. \t'Hybride Identitäten' haben demnach keinen ontologischen Status \taußerhalb der Interaktionen, die sie konstituieren.“</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-style: normal;\">Diskurse \thaben Macht, weil sie Zugehörigkeit festlegen</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-style: normal;\">SprecherInnen \t„verankern“ sich „selbst in einer Essenz“, sonst könnten \tsie nicht sprechen; andererseits positionieren „sie sich in \tOpposition zu dieser“</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-style: normal;\">181</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">„<span style=\"font-style: normal;\">Solch \tein Rückzug auf Essenz ist selbst Bestandteil des hybriden Aktes \tder Positionierung, die erfolgt, wenn die Interagierenden den \tDiskursen widersprechen, die sie zu anderen machen würden, </span><em>uns \tzwar aus dem Raum dieses Diskurses selbst heraus</em><span style=\"font-style: normal;\">.“</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-style: normal;\">das \tist Mimikry nach Bhabha</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">„<span style=\"font-style: normal;\">Das \tGespräch als Instanz einer Hybridität des Alltags anzusehen, in \tder sich Stimmen überlagern und in der Übersetzung performativer \tAkte ermöglicht werden, beschreibt den dritten Raum der \tHybridität.“</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>",
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(2006)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong>The Educational Attainment of Turkish Migrants in Germany</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><em>Turkish Studies</em>, <em>7</em>(1), 101-124.</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong>Turkish Students in the German Education System</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Turkish Students in Primary Education</span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">106</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">in PIRLS (reading fourth grade) \tstudents with foreign born parents score worst; but large part of \tfamilies with migration background have low socio-economic status</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">107</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">maybe migrant children often send \tto special needs school, because language deficits are mixed up with \tlearning handicaps (Diefenbach)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">this unjustified sending to this \tschools could indicate indirect discrimination</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Transition to Secondary Education</span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\">108</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\">students of \tforeign parents are less likely to get recommendation for Gymnasium; \tbut social background might be the true reason</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\">compared to \tGerman students with same grades migrants are more often get \trecommendation for Hauptschule</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\">unclear if \tinstitutional discrimination because of migration or social \tbackground</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Attainment of Turkish Migrants in Secondary Education</span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\">109</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\">Turkish \tstudents more often attend Hauptschule and less often Gymnasium than \taverage</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\">110</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\">Turkish \tstudent worst distribution within all migrant groups</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\">110f</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\">PISA test \tresults and school certificates show that Turks perform poorer than \tGermans</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\">in Germany \teven lower than Turks in Switzerland or Austria (same SO status)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\">111</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\">persons \twith dual citizenship perform better than Turkish only</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\">second \tgeneration better certificates than first: less with no certificate, \tabout the same with Hauptschulabschluss, more with \tRealschulabschluss or Abitur</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><strong>Discussion of Findings</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">112</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">116</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Turks average \tlower level of education; but increasing in younger generation; \tstill worse than German same age</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">difficult to \tstudy educational attainment because appropriate data</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">reasons could \tbe</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">socio-economic \t\tstatus of parents</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">ethnic \t\tcomposition of classes</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; 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            "note": "<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Exzerpt: “The Historical Situation of Turkish Migrants in Germany” (Şen 2003)</span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Şen, F. (2003)</span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\">The Historical Situation of Turkish Migrants in Germany.</span></strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><em>Immigrants &amp; Minorities</em></span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">, </span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><em>22</em></span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">(2/3), 208-227.</span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">208</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">2,5 \tMio Turks in Germany, many born here</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">there \tis integration, but sense of foreignness prevails; because Muslim \tbackground makes cultural difference, more than immigrants from \tsouther Europe</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">rejection \tled Turks into ethnic niches, withdraw</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Start of Migration</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Turkey \tjoined labour migration to Germany rather late</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">209</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">[chart. \tTurkish population in Germany]</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">treaties \talso with Netherlands, Belgium, Austria (1964), France (1965), \tSweden (1967)</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Types of Migration</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">2,5 \tmio (including with German citizenship), largest Turkish community \tin western Europe</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">210</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">[chart: \tPopulation and Gender]</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">originally \tidea was temporary migration</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">workers \tconstantly delayed return</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">211</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">investment \tpossibilities in Turkey more difficult than thought</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">savings \tnot enough for good living in Turkey, economic situation</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Turkish \tgovernment supported emigration</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Turkish \tmigration since 70s (no mass migration):</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">family \t\treunification</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none;\">“<span style=\"font-size: small;\">political \t\tmotivated emigration” (especially Kurds since 80s)</span></span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">illegal \t\tlabour immigration</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The Move from being a Temporary to a Permanent Resident</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">212</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">[chart. \tTurkish asylum seekers]</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">mid \t70s worker brought families, plan of short stay developed suddenly \tin plan of permanent settlement</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">factors \tto stay: family, education of children, economic opportunities in \tTurkey, lack of savings, negative experience of some who returned, \tchanges </span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">213</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">two \tmain factors</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">advancements \tin transport and communication technology made it easy to \tparticipate in Turkish events and society from Germany</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">great \tnumber of Turks allowed them to build infrastructure to satisfy \ttheir needs</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Problem Stabilising the Permanent Residence</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Germany \trealised social consequences of migration, confronted with new \tsituation</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">society \tand institutions had to handle special situation (education, health \tcare, etc.)</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">2000/01 \tdiscussion about integration increased</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Differences in the Social Structure</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">214</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">structure \thas changed since 1973: 17 % born in Germany, proportion men / women \tmore balanced,</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">70s \tand 80e ghettoisation through housing policy and discrimination</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">increase \tof discrimination of landlords in 90s, general increase of \txenophobia and fear of attacks on their houses</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Turks \thave begun purchase flats and houses</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The Increase in German Citizenship</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">216</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">of \t2,5 mio 470.000 have German citizenship</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">increase \tof taking German citizenship [but not decrease? see Migazin]</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">a \tquarter has naturalised</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">no \tlink to gender, but age, and reason of migration (see chart 217)</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">[chart: \tcitizenship]</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">217</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">[chart: \tcitizenship socio-demographic criteria]</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The Relationship between Turkish and German Societies</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">especially \tsecond and third generation have a lot of contact to Germans</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">focused/want \ton jobs with higher qualification</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">219</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">[chart: \teducation]</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">[chart: \tmarriage]</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">220</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">[chart: \tmarriage]</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">increase \tof bi-national marriages</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Entrepreneurs amongst the Turkish Migrants</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">increase \tin self-employment</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">also \tresult of unemployment</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">especially \tforeigners, because of lack of vocational training and \tdiscrimination</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">221</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Turks \thave highest unemployment rate, because had unskilled jobs, lack of \tqualification/education</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">education \tdisadvantage: parents lack of education and knowledge of German \tschool system</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">discrimination \tin labour market</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Economic Power of Turkish Entrepreneurs in the European Union</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">222</span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Future Projection for 2015. Turkish Entrepreneurs in Germany and the EU</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">223</span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Euro-Islam. The New Option for Muslims</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Turks \tare not homogeneous, religious and ethno-political subgroups</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Euro-Islam: \tidea of pluralistic Islam in Germany</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">224</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none;\">“<span style=\"font-size: small;\">the \tlonger the stay, the more religious they feel”</span></span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">stay \tin non-Muslim society doesn't brake to religion, but also doesn't \tlead to fundamentalism</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">225</span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Integration Prospects – Where do we stand after 40 years?</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Gastarbeiter \ton quarter of Turkish population</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">mostly \t\tlittle education and poor German</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">ignorant \t\tabout discrimination, no need for greater integration</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">compare \t\tto Turkey</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">ties \t\tto Turkey are stronger, option of returning, don't want German \t\tcitizenship</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">live \t\trather segregated</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">second \tgeneration</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">better \t\teducated, speak better German than Turkish</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">more \t\tsensitive towards discrimination</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">negative \t\teffects on the sense of belonging and thus integration</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">feel \t\tbelonging to both, but seldom thinking of returning</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">more \t\tinvolved in inter-ethnic activities</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">more \t\twilling to integrate and accept host culture</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">adaptation \t\tof German lifestyle, but also preserving Turkish, important for \t\tidentity</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">226</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li> \n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">there \t\tmight be two groups of second generation: some want to integrate, \t\tsome don't</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">at \t\tmoment not possible to say if integration was successful, situation \t\tof Turks is complex and individual different</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Conclusion</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">main \tproblem is acceptance by German society and feeling of belonging</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Germans \tdon't look on Turkish community as social and cultural equal, this \tleads to separation and elimination of equal opportunities and makes \tintegration more difficult</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none;\">“<span style=\"font-size: small;\">looked \tupon as the most difficult group to integrate as a result of their \tcultural differences.”</span></span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">second \tgeneration is more involved in society and defends their right and \tparticipates also political</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>",
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            "note": "<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Exzerpt: „Verschlungene Bildungspfade. Über Bildungskarrieren von Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund“ (Schulze &amp; Soja 2006)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Schulze, E., &amp; Soja, E. (2006)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong>Verschlungene Bildungspfade. Über Bildungskarrieren von Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">In G. Auernheimer (Hrsg.), <em>Schieflagen im Bildungssystem</em> (2. Aufl., S. 193-205). Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong>PISA und die Migrantenjugendlichen</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">193</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">manchen \tbehaupten Migrantenjugendlichen schuld am schlechten Abschneiden \tDtl. bei PISA</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Behauptung \tgeringer Bildungserfolg Folge von mangelnden Sprachkenntnissen; dies \twiederum Folge von wenig Kindergartenbesuch</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">194</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Statistik \tzeigen das Quote nur geringfügig unter Deutschen</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">aber \tBild hält sich in Medien und Öffentlichkeit beständig</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">dadurch \twerden Probleme auf Migrantenfamilien geschoben und \tUnzulänglichkeiten des Bildungssystem und Anteil der deutschen \tBevölkerung und Insitutionen in den Hintergrund</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">195</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Kulturalisierung \tvon Problemen; da Migranten nicht deutsch lernen und auf Grund ihrer \tangeblichen kulturellen Distanz im Bildungssystem versagen</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong>Ein Blick in die Statistik</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">keine \tdifferentzierte Sichtweise, da aufgeregte PISA-Diskussion</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">allgemein \tüber letzten Jahrzehnte Bildungsabschlüsse der MigrantInnen \tgestiegen (weniger Hauptschulabschlüsse, mehr Studierenden)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">196</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">die auf \tProbleme fixierte Forschung ignoriert meist türkische \tAkademikerInnen</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">gleichzeitig \tsteigt Anteil von SchülerInnen mit Migrationshintergrund an \tSonderschulen; Risiko auf Sonderschule zu kommen doppelt so hoch wie \tfür Deutsche</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">197</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">„Schere“ \tzwischen aufsteigenden und zurückbleibenden</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">„Dabei \tstehen beide Gruppen auf dem Sockel eines sich kaum verändernden \tAbstandes zu den autichthonen Jugendlichen.“</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">besser \tBildungsabschlüsse nicht unbedingt gleich bessere \tArbeitsmarktchancen</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">immer weniger \tAuszubildende mit MH; meist eher in bei Deutschen unbeliebten und \twenig zukuftssicheren Bereichen</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong>Verschlungene Bildungspfade – Ergebnisse der Fragebogenerhebung</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Forschungsprojekt \tder Forschungsstelle für interkulturelle Studien (FiSt); \tJugendliche mit MH in Köln; Fragebögen</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">198</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">18 % mit \tmehrfachem Schulwechsel</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">oft erst nach \t„unten“ und später „hoch“</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">Bildungsaufstiege \toft nicht „geradlinig“ sondern „verschlungen“</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\">199</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Erklärungen \tvon Karaka</span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">ş</span></span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">o</span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">ğ</span></span></span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">lu-Aydin</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">„<span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Sprachdefizite \t\tzu Beginn der schulischen Laufbahn“; Frage ist ob tatsächlich so \t\tgroßer Einfluss von Sprachfähigkeiten</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">ihre \t\tinterviewten AkademikerInnen pendelten mit Eltern; dadurch \t\t„grenzüberschreitende Schulwechsel“</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">200</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Erklärungen \tvon Leenen, Grosch und Kreide</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Migrantenjugendliche \t\tmüssen „Platzierung“ selbst übernehmen: Interessen in Schule \t\tvertreten; Berufsziele auswählen; Bildungsentscheidungen treffen</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Eltern \t\tüberfordert mit Doppelerwerbstätigkeit und „allgemeine \t\tLebensbewältigung im Einwanderungsland“; kompliziertes deutsches \t\tSchulsystem, „Bildungsferne der Eltern“</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">schließt \tnicht Interesse der Eltern aus</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">direkte \tund indirekte Diskriminierung muss genauer untersucht werden, \tscheinbar müssen Jugendliche sich selbst mit ihren Interessen \tdurchsetzen</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">201</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Radtke \tund Gomolla</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">zeigen \t\tin Studie Benachteiligung von SchülerInnen mit MH bei \t\tSchilübergang durch unbewusst schlechtere Empfehlungen der \t\tLehrerInnen</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">202</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">direkte \tDiskriminierung</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Jugendliche \t\tin Fragebögen beschreiben Erfahrungen mit Herabsetzung basierend \t\tauf „ethnischer Homogenisierung“ („ja ihr Türken“)</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">„<span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Besonderung“: \t\tbesondere Beobachtung als MigrantInnen</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">ungerechte \t\tBehandlung seitens LehrerInnen</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Diskriminierung \t\t„verdichtet sich zu biographischen Entmutigungen“</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">202f</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li> \n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">oft \t\tFortführung dieser Diskriminierung bei Beratung auf Arbeitsamt; \t\tAbraten von Studium, Anraten von Ausbildung</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">203</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Entmutigung \tführt zu Selbstzweifel; auch bei AbiturientInnen</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><strong>Resümee</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">204</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">nicht \tJugendliche und ihre Eltern sind Ursache ihre schlechten \tSchulabschlüsse</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Entmutigungen \tund Selbstzweifel durch Bildungsinstitutionen und ihr Personal</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">„<span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Struktur \tsoziale Platzverweise“</span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">aber \tmanche auch hoch motiviert, erreichen trotz Widerstände höhere \tBildung</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>",
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            "note": "<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\">Exzerpt: \"Turks  in Germany\" (Schiffauer, 2005)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">1130</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">late 60s employes asked migrants to ask people  form their village \tand relatives to come for work too; social control  over newcomers; \tchain migration</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\"><strong>History</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">labor migration started 1961; height 1968,  stopped 1973</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">1131</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">limited invesment possiblities in hometowns for  earned money; post \t1973 recession made return even more difficult</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">stop of recruitment 1973 „made return into an  once-and-for-all \tdecision“</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">dominant migration form since 1972: family  reunione and marriage</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">illusion of return was often not given up until  the 1990</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">fragmentaion of time thorugh missing of long  term strategy in \tGermany</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">problematic for schooling of children</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">„diapsoric transnationalism“; „remain in  Germany, not giving \tuo ties to Turkey“</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">through coming of age of second generation more  identification with \tgermany and less ascetic lifestyle</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">transantionalism: communication and travel costs</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><strong>Demography</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><strong>Language</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><strong>Culture and  Community</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Economic  Activities</span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">1132</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">concentration in lower social strata; duration  of stay influecnes \tthis</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">high unemployment</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">crisis of light and heavy industry</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">decline of working class culture; labour unions  important for \tintegration</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">more ethnic business</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Gender Roles and  Status</span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">1133</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">reemphasis of gender roles</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">germans and turks see sexual ethics as crucial  difference</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">change of gender role through exmployment of  women</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">change of gender roles with generation;  assimilation to german \tculture</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">„cosmopolitan symbolic space“ from Istnabul to  european cities; \tsecular modernism, islamic modernism</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">gender roles, honor and shame contest in today  community</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Housing and Use  of Space</span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">1133-34</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">family reunion, moving to inner-city areas;  turkish districts with \tinfrstructure</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">outcome of this process discussed in politics  (ghetto)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Marriage, Family, and Households</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">[statistics]</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">preferences tend to consider cultural capital  (education, skills, \tlanguage); rather niot take spuses from villages</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Socialization and Education</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">socialization changed with migration</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">fear of alienation from parents</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">consequences for schooling</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Community  Organization and Structure</span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Political  Association and Activities</span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Religious  Beliefs and Practices</span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Recreation and  Leisure</span></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">1138</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">'izin' (vacation) is spend in Turkey; in early  years ti visit \trelatives, now to have beach and sun</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">for second generation Turkey is escape from  everyday life in Germany</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><strong>Cultural  Variation</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;\"><strong>Relationships  to Host Country, Homeland, And other Diasporic Communities</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">1139</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">first generation: distance from Germany</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">second generation: cope with mutual scepticism  of German and Turkish \tculture</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">parents feared 'germanization“</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">teachers said they are turkish (backward)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">„constantly confronted with stereotyped images  of both German und \t\tTurkish culture“</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">„culture as a jailhouse“</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">fight for double citizenship</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">disillusioned, place in german society</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">reaction to discrimination, some reidentify with  ethnicity or \t\treligion</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">third generation</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">respond to discimination self-confident as  foreigners</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">foreigner culture as opposite of boring,  conservative german \t\tculture</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal;  text-decoration: none;\">constuction of differences, but a lot of  assimilation already</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>",
            "tags": [],
            "relations": {},
            "dateAdded": "2010-05-13T15:36:09Z",
            "dateModified": "2010-05-13T15:36:09Z"
        }
    }
]