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D.", "lastName": "Taylor" } ], "abstractNote": "To analyze the vast number and variety of microorganisms inhabiting the human intestine, emerging metagenomic technologies are extremely powerful. The intestinal microbes are taxonomically complex and constitute an ecologically dynamic community (microbiota) that has long been believed to possess a strong impact on human physiology. Furthermore, they are heavily involved in the maturation and proliferation of human intestinal cells, helping to maintain their homeostasis and can be causative of various diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and obesity. A simplified animal model system has provided the mechanistic basis for the molecular interactions that occur at the interface between such microbes and host intestinal epithelia. Through metagenomic analysis, it is now possible to comprehensively explore the genetic nature of the intestinal microbiome, the mutually interacting system comprising the host cells and the residing microbial community. 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This microbiota and its collective genomes (microbiome) provide us with genetic and metabolic attributes we have not been required to evolve on our own, including the ability to harvest otherwise inaccessible nutrients. New studies are revealing how the gut microbiota has coevolved with us and how it manipulates and complements our biology in ways that are mutually beneficial. 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This article discusses the effects of latitude on water temperature and illustrates an inverse relationship between latitude and water temperature.  The study found a significant difference in water temperatures in a large Asian river complex based on latitude variation even though the range of latitudes the river spanned was only about seven degrees.  The article further addresses the impact of these water temperature variations on aquatic organisms. [Bev]

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This article explores the state of knowledge of monotreme reproductive biology as of 2001.  Monotremes are the oviparous mammals such as echidnas and the platypus.  Monotremes reproductive biology is unique among the mammals and is not well understood.  This has important repercussions for captive breeding and conservation efforts.  This article is particularly relevant to the chapters in the EOE textbook which cover animal adaptations and reproductive strategies. [Bev]

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Nathan Muchhala and James Thomson studied the exclusive mutualistic relationship between the nectar eating bat Anoura fistulata and the flowering plant Centropogon nigricans.  They found that the bats had a \"coevolutionary arms race\" with the plant where both species were continually adapting in response to each other.  The plant has developed a long flower to increase the amount of time the bats spent trying to access the nectar and the bats have developed extremely long tongues in order to allow them to feed on the nectar. [Bev]

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This paper addresses the ways in which age and social hierarchy dominance interact to affect the reproductive opportunites and success of plains zebras.  The authors found that older, more established mares had higher social rankings and that the higher ranking mares were more likely to reproduce and their offspring were more likely to survive.  This helps to illustrate one way in which social behavior can act to limit population size in animals by restricting reproductive success. [Bev]

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This article compares the energy budgets of eastern hognose snakes, corn snakes and southern toads.  Al l three species are ectothermic carnivores native to the southeast.  The authors calculated and compared assimilation efficiency, ingestion and excretion, reproduction and growth, shedding and metabolism for all three species. [Bev]

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