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                    "lastName": "Witten"
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                    "firstName": "Jiangang",
                    "lastName": "Du"
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                    "firstName": "Ingmar H",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Janna C",
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                    "firstName": "Michael L",
                    "lastName": "Roukes"
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                    "firstName": "Gilles",
                    "lastName": "Laurent"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Sotiris C",
                    "lastName": "Masmanidis"
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            "abstractNote": "Microelectrode array recordings of neuronal activity present significant opportunities for studying the brain with single-cell and spike-time precision. However, challenges in device manufacturing constrain dense multisite recordings to two spatial dimensions, whereas access to the three-dimensional (3D) structure of many brain regions appears to remain a challenge. To overcome this limitation, we present two novel recording modalities of silicon-based devices aimed at establishing 3D functionality. First, we fabricated a dual-side electrode array by patterning recording sites on both the front and back of an implantable microstructure. We found that the majority of single-unit spikes could not be simultaneously detected from both sides, suggesting that in addition to providing higher spatial resolution measurements than that of single-side devices, dual-side arrays also lead to increased recording yield. Second, we obtained recordings along three principal directions with a multilayer array and demonstrated 3D spike source localization within the enclosed measurement space. The large-scale integration of such dual-side and multilayer arrays is expected to provide massively parallel recording capabilities in the brain.",
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            "date": "Mar 2009",
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            "creatorSummary": "Rickgauer and Tank",
            "parsedDate": "2009-09-01",
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            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Two-photon excitation of channelrhodopsin-2 at saturation",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "John Peter",
                    "lastName": "Rickgauer"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "David W",
                    "lastName": "Tank"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "We demonstrate that channelrhodopsin-2 (CR), a light-gated ion channel that is conventionally activated by using visible-light excitation, can also be activated by using IR two-photon excitation (TPE). An empirical estimate of CR's two-photon absorption cross-section at lambda = 920 nm is presented, with a value (260 +/- 20 GM) indicating that TPE stimulation of CR photocurrents is not typically limited by intrinsic molecular excitability [1 GM = 10(-50)(cm4 s)/photon]. By using direct physiological measurements of CR photocurrents and a model of ground-state depletion, we evaluate how saturation of CR's current-conducting state influences the spatial resolution of focused TPE photostimulation, and how photocurrents stimulated by using low-power scanning TPE temporally summate. We show that TPE, like visible-light excitation, can be used to stimulate action potentials in cultured CR-expressing neurons.",
            "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "Sep 1, 2009",
            "volume": "106",
            "issue": "35",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "15025-15030",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A",
            "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.0907084106",
            "citationKey": "",
            "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19706471",
            "accessDate": "",
            "PMID": "19706471",
            "PMCID": "",
            "ISSN": "1091-6490",
            "archive": "",
            "archiveLocation": "",
            "shortTitle": "",
            "language": "",
            "libraryCatalog": "",
            "callNumber": "0000",
            "rights": "",
            "extra": "00098",
            "tags": [
                {
                    "tag": "Cell Line",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Electrophysiological Phenomena",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Humans",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Ion Channels",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Patch-Clamp Techniques",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Photons",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Rhodopsin",
                    "type": 1
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "relations": {},
            "dateAdded": "2010-02-01T19:25:00Z",
            "dateModified": "2015-01-03T15:19:12Z"
        }
    }
]