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In this article we briefly review existing research on the open source phenomenon and discuss the utility of open source software research findings for many other fields. We categorize the research into three areas: motivations of open source software contributors; governance, organization, and the process of innovation in open source software projects; and competitive dynamics enforced by open source software. 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"2013-03-07T06:35:33Z" } }, { "key": "7IUNWJZT", "version": 29, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 108908, "name": "Iron_law", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/iron_law", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/108908/items/7IUNWJZT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/iron_law/items/7IUNWJZT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 203464, "username": "aaronshaw", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/aaronshaw", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Earl and Kimport", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "7IUNWJZT", "version": 29, "itemType": "book", "title": "Digitally Enabled Social Change: Activism in the Internet Age", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennifer", "lastName": "Earl" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Katrina", "lastName": 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Does the global reach and blazing speed of the Internet affect the essential character or dynamics of online political protest? In Digitally Enabled Social Change, Jennifer Earl and Katrina Kimport examine key characteristics of Web activism and investigate their impacts on organizing and participation. Earl and Kimport argue that the Web offers two key affordances relevant to activism: sharply reduced costs for creating, organizing, and participating in protest; and the decreased need for activists to be physically together in order to act together. A rally can be organized and demonstrators recruited entirely online, without the cost of printing and mailing; an activist can create an online petition in minutes and gather e-signatures from coast to coast using only her laptop. Drawing on evidence from samples of online petitions, boycotts, and letter-writing and e-mailing campaigns, Earl and Kimport show that the more these affordances are leveraged, the more transformative the changes to organizing and participating in protest; the less these affordances are leveraged, the more superficial the changes. The rally organizers, for example, can save money on communication and coordination, but the project of staging the rally remains essentially the same. Tools that allow a single activist to create and circulate a petition entirely online, however, enable more radical changes in the process. 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The Power of Openness and Internet-Based Collaboration -- The Importance of Open-Source Software Commons -- What We Know about Open-Source Software Commons: Academic Research and Theory -- The Ecosystem -- The Developer -- Technological and Community Attributes -- Institutional Attributes -- Our Empirical Studies of Open-Source Software Commons -- The OSGeo Case: An Example of the Evolving OSS Ecosystem -- Defining Open-Source Software Success and Abandonment -- What Can SourceForge.net Data Alone Tell Us about Open-Source Software Commons? -- Filling Gaps in Our Data with the Survey on Free/Libre and Open-Source Success -- Answering the Questions Raised in Part II -- Putting It All Together in Multivariate Models of Success and Abandonment -- Thinking about Part III: A Review of Our Empirical Research -- Conclusions -- Our Study in Perspective

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