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Reefs are subject to many of the same\nprocesses that affect other human-dominated ecosystems, but some\nspecial features merit emphasis: () Many dominant reef\nbuilders spawn eggs and sperm into the water column, where\nfertilization occurs. They are thus particularly vulnerable to Allee\neffects, including potential extinction associated with chronic\nreproductive failure. () The corals likely to be most\nresistant to the effects of habitat degradation are small, short-lived\n“weedy” corals that have limited dispersal capabilities at the\nlarval stage. Habitat degradation, together with habitat fragmentation,\nwill therefore lead to the establishment of genetically isolated\nclusters of inbreeding corals. () Increases in\naverage sea temperatures by as little as 1°C, a likely result of\nglobal climate change, can cause coral “bleaching” (the breakdown\nof coral–algal symbiosis), changes in symbiont communities, and coral\ndeath. () The activities of people near reefs increase\nboth fishing pressure and nutrient inputs. In general, these processes\nfavor more rapidly growing competitors, often fleshy seaweeds, and may\nalso result in explosions of predator populations. 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We investigated changes in nitrogen (N) mineralization potential ( N 0), N mineralization rate constant ( k) and the apparent activation energy ( Ea) of the soil, with a mathematical analysis using a kinetics model based on the results of in vitro incubation. Changes in the amount of microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), as well as the number of heterotrophic and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, were also investigated. The N 0, MBN and the number of fungi and actinomycetes in forest soil was reduced for at least 18 months after CCB. The number of heterotrophic and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria increased, and k, Ea and N mineralization became greater after 6 months of CCB, compared with the control plots. Because there were few young trees planted, which would have taken up mineralized N in the post-CCB site, it is probable that a high proportion of the mineralized N that accumulated in the soil may have been lost during the summer rainy season. 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"firstName": "James", "lastName": "Versalovic" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joel V", "lastName": "Weinstock" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Graham AW", "lastName": "Rook" } ], "abstractNote": "In industrialized countries the incidence of diseases caused by immune dysregulation has risen. Epidemiologic studies initially suggested this was connected to a reduction in the incidence of infectious diseases; however, an association with defects in immunoregulation is now being recognized. Effector TH1 and TH2 cells are controlled by specialized subsets of regulatory T cells. Some pathogens can induce regulatory cells to evade immune elimination, but regulatory pathways are homeostatic and mainly triggered by harmless microorganisms. Helminths, saprophytic mycobacteria, bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, which induce immunoregulatory mechanisms in the host, ameliorate aberrant immune responses in the setting of allergy and inflammatory bowel disease. These organisms cause little, if any, harm, and have been part of human microecology for millennia; however, they are now less frequent or even absent in the human environment of westernized societies. Deficient exposure to these 'old friends' might explain the increase in immunodysregulatory disorders. 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The Society for Eco­logical Restoration defines a restored ecosystem as self-sustaining in struc­ture and function, resilient to normal ranges of stress and disturbance, and able to interact with contiguous ecosys­tems (SER 2002). A road that is merely ripped and then left to recover on its own may not meet these criteria. Luce (1997) concluded that ripping leads to a temporary and marginal improvement in hydrologic and ecological function.\n\nFungi and Roads are discussed in detail.", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2005 Dec. 11", "volume": "10", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.wildlandscpr.org/biblio-notes/evaluating-use-mycorestoration-decommissioned-roads-arizona", "accessDate": "2010-04-04T20:11:50Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-04-04T20:11:50Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-04T20:13:55Z" } } ]